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. 2023 Oct 13;15(5):1095–1110. doi: 10.1007/s12551-023-01161-7

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© International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 1 — Examples of microtubule-generated forces in cells. a Positioning of the nucleus by microtubule pushing forces in the drosophila oocytes. b Positioning and remodeling membranous organelles by microtubule pushing and pulling forces. c Transport of chromosomes by microtubule pulling-pushing forces during mitosis