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. 2023 Oct 23;7(1):e231. doi: 10.1017/cts.2023.656

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Simulation results by study design with different amounts of RWD bias. The “Pooled” analysis is Design 3 where the pooled simulated RCT1 and RWD are analyzed with a standard cv-TMLE. Purple and gold represent 10 simulated magnitudes of bias away from the null for the ES-CVTMLE and naively pooled cv-TMLE estimators. Pink and brown represent 10 simulated magnitudes of bias toward the null for the ES-CVTMLE and naively pooled cv-TMLE estimators. CI=confidence interval; GLP1-RA=glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; cv-TMLE=cross-validated targeted maximum likelihood estimator; ES-CVTMLE=experiment-selector cv-TMLE; RWD=real-world data.