Table 3.

Primary and secondary outcomes of systematic review

Study	Recruitment outcome	Retention outcome	Diversity outcome	Participant satisfaction
Adams et al., 2022 [17]	Self-reported increase in likelihood to enroll in decentralized trials reducing need for travel
Ali et al., 2020 [18]	Rapid recruitment rate of 55 in less than 1 month using Facebook compared with median recruitment in UK of 9.2 subjects per site per month.	Authors report high retention rate of 96% due to ease of participation	Majority of participants were from rural areas with low physician coverage. Facebook recruitment may limit ability to recruit broadly since the study mainly recruited young women.	90% of participants reported enthusiasm for future or longer study
Ali et al., 2021 [19]	Online recruitment found to be superior to traditional recruitment in cost-effectiveness and time efficiency	Retention rate of 87%		85% preferred online informed consent conversation
Josan et al., 2021 [20]	Dramatic surge in enrollment compared to traditional methods upon implementation of social media advertisements	High retention rate reported		90% reported strong interest in future DCT participation
Magnani et al., 2021 [21]	Authors state strengths of virtual recruitment are evident, enrolling 130 individuals after adapting from traditional methods	92% retention of participants enrolled with virtual methods	Remote and rural individuals were recruited
Myers et al., 2022 [22]	All studies completed enrollment, with only five reaching its prespecified goal. Two out of three studies reported increased recruitment after modifying recruitment process		Geographic distribution of patients spanned 45 states, with 30.3–42.9% of participants coming from areas lacking primary care	Participants across all three studies report high satisfaction with video visits
Ng et al., 2021 [23]	Virtual recruitment found to significantly increase recruitment rates	Virtual trial demonstrated improved retention compared to site-dependent trial
Sarraju et al., 2022 [24]	Social media recruitment implementation resulted in dramatic recruitment surge		Adjustments should be made to achieve racial and ethnic diversity, since majority of participants were White and urban-dwelling	86% of survey respondents expressed willingness for future DCT participation
Sedhai et al., 2022 [25]	Recruitment in progress with target of 102. Authors report accelerated enrollment. Sixty-one enrolled from January 2019 to August 2021, nine of which were enrolled from partner community hospital.		Study anticipates enrolling 50% of subjects who are historically underrepresented minorities
Sedhai et al., 2021 [26]	Study surpassed enrollment goal of 40, enrolling 51 subjects from May 8, 2020 to August 13, 2020, 16 of which were enrolled from partner community hospital.		Study anticipates enrolling 40% of subjects who are historically underrepresented minorities
Slomovitz et al., 2021 [27]	Authors report accrual to GOG Partners’ trials increased 37% over the median monthly accrual since the pandemic began
Sommer et al., 2018 [28]	Higher recruitment rate was observed in decentralized arm compared with conventional arm	Higher retention observed in decentralized arm (89%) than conventional (60%)	Telemedicine center was able to recruit more broadly compared with health clinic	Patients generally satisfied with eConsent, eDiary, and remote visits. Lower satisfaction voiced with patch sensors used
Yiannakou et al., 2022 [29]	Virtual recruitment was significantly faster than total recruitment from traditional sites. 440 patients were randomized, 270 via traditional and 170 via virtual sites.	Retention rate was significantly better from virtual sites compared to traditional.