Table 1. The level of alkaline phosphatase in human cancers.
| Cancer type | Levels | Functions | Combined diagnosis | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostate cancer | Up | Promoting cell growth, metastasis and invasion | Osteocalcin/BSAP | (14-19) |
| Liver metastasis | Up | Promoting liver damage, cell invasion | AST/ALT/CT/MRI | (20-26) |
| Pancreatic cancer | Up | Promoting tumor growth and invasion | CA 19-9 | (27-34) |
| Lung cancer | Up | Promoting tumor proliferation, invasion, bone metastases | N/A | (13,35-41) |
| Breast cancer | Down | Modulating the tumor micro-environment, cytokine expression, cell proliferation and migration | N/A | (42-47) |
| Colorectal cancer | Down | Promotion of cell proliferation, colony formation, and decreased tumor suppressor gene expression | N/A | (48-52) |
| NSCLC | Up | Promoting tumor growth and invasion | ALK/EGFR | (53-55) |
| NSGCT | Up | Promoting tumor growth and invasion | N/A | (56-60) |
| GC | Up | Increased metastasis | LDH | (19,61,62) |
NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NSGCT, non-seminoma germ cell tumor; GC, gastric cancer; BSAP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; N/A, not available; ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.