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. 2023 Oct 20;12(10):2932–2945. doi: 10.21037/tcr-23-1190

Table 2. Classification and function of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in human.

Classes Locations/stages Protein/gene Functions References
Germ cell Male germ cells GCAP/ALPG Up-regulation in primary seminoma of the prostate (64,65)
Placental Cervix, uterine, pregnancy PLALP/ALPP Biomarker for placental health, biomarker for pancreatic cancer (66,67)
Intestinal Brush border of intestinal cells IAP/ALPI Absorption of dietary phosphates (68,69)
Liver/bone/kidney (tissue-nonspecific) Liver, bone, kidney TNAP/ALPL Bone metabolism and mineralization (70-72)