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. 2023 Nov 6;14:1059–1067. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.14.87

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Copyright © 2023, Eftekhari et al.

This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Beilstein-Institut Open Access License Agreement (https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/terms/terms), which is identical to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). The reuse of material under this license requires that the author(s), source and license are credited. Third-party material in this article could be subject to other licenses (typically indicated in the credit line), and in this case, users are required to obtain permission from the license holder to reuse the material.

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Color map of the quarters of the surface area of device type-II, (a) A with dimensions of (7.6 × 7.6) mm², (b) B with dimensions of (5.2 × 5.2) mm², (c) C with dimensions of (2.8 × 2.8) mm², and (d) D with dimensions of (1.4 × 1.2) mm², where voltage-induced displacement is measured by AFM. The displacement is normalized to the corresponding voltage applied to each point.