Table 2.
Negative screening test cohort characteristics stratified by time period
| Characteristic | Overall | Preimplementation period | Postimplementation period | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N, row % | 1,553 | 287 (18.5%) | 1,266 (81.5%) | |
| Length of stay, days | 9 (5, 17) | 11 (6, 22) | 8 (5, 16) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 70 (58, 81) | 72 (60, 81) | 70 (57, 81) | 0.067 |
| Gender, male | 809 (52%) | 168 (59%) | 641 (51%) | 0.016 |
| Payer | 0.6 | |||
| Commercial | 288 (19%) | 46 (16%) | 242 (19%) | |
| Government | 37 (2.4%) | 7 (2.4%) | 30 (2.4%) | |
| Medicaid | 191 (12%) | 34 (12%) | 157 (12%) | |
| Medicare | 996 (64%) | 190 (66%) | 806 (64%) | |
| Other | 41 (2.6%) | 10 (3.5%) | 31 (2.4%) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.001 | |||
| White Non-Hispanic | 248 (16%) | 57 (20%) | 191 (15%) | |
| White Hispanic | 848 (55%) | 144 (50%) | 704 (56%) | |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 294 (19%) | 41 (14%) | 253 (20%) | |
| Black Hispanic | 35 (2.3%) | 8 (2.8%) | 27 (2.1%) | |
| Other | 128 (8.2%) | 37 (13%) | 91 (7.2%) | |
| Central line usage | 121 (7.8%) | 87 (30%) | 34 (2.7%) | <0.001 |
| Urinary catheter usage | 574 (37%) | 126 (44%) | 448 (35%) | 0.008 |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | 8.0 (5.0, 10.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 11.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 10.0) | <0.001 |
| Received mechanical ventilation during hospitalization | 277 (18%) | 69 (24%) | 208 (16%) | 0.004 |
| Received mechanical ventilation during any hospitalization in the previous year | 103 (6.6%) | 35 (12%) | 68 (5.4%) | <0.001 |
| History of tracheostomy usage | 27 (1.7%) | 11 (3.8%) | 16 (1.3%) | 0.009 |
| Disposition | <0.001 | |||
| Expired | 158 (10%) | 37 (13%) | 121 (9.6%) | |
| Facility | 537 (35%) | 133 (46%) | 404 (32%) | |
| Home | 830 (53%) | 113 (39%) | 717 (57%) | |
| Other | 28 (1.8%) | 4 (1.4%) | 24 (1.9%) | |
| COVID | 751 (48%) | 108 (38%) | 643 (51%) | <0.001 |
| PCP on file | 685 (44%) | 144 (50%) | 541 (43%) | 0.025 |
| BMI | 27 (23, 32) | 27 (23, 32) | 27 (23, 32) | >0.9 |
| Cancer diagnosis | 696 (45%) | 151 (53%) | 545 (43%) | 0.004 |
| Max SOFA score within 24 hours of admission | 3.00 (1.00, 5.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 5.00) | <0.001 |
| Arrival from skilled nursing facility | 294 (19%) | 73 (25%) | 221 (17%) | 0.003 |
| Elixhauser comorbidities* | ||||
| AIDS | 40 (2.6%) | 5 (1.7%) | 35 (2.8%) | 0.4 |
| Alcohol abuse | 72 (4.6%) | 15 (5.2%) | 57 (4.5%) | 0.6 |
| Deficiency anemia | 949 (61%) | 196 (68%) | 753 (59%) | 0.006 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/CVD | 94 (6.1%) | 19 (6.6%) | 75 (5.9%) | 0.7 |
| Blood loss anemia | 81 (5.2%) | 27 (9.4%) | 54 (4.3%) | 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 524 (34%) | 105 (37%) | 419 (33%) | 0.3 |
| Chronic pulmonary dis. | 534 (34%) | 115 (40%) | 419 (33%) | 0.028 |
| Coagulopathy | 426 (27%) | 87 (30%) | 339 (27%) | 0.2 |
| Depression | 490 (32%) | 108 (38%) | 382 (30%) | 0.017 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| Uncomplicated | 541 (35%) | 110 (38%) | 431 (34%) | 0.2 |
| Complicated | 638 (41%) | 126 (44%) | 512 (40%) | 0.3 |
| Drug abuse | 82 (5.3%) | 11 (3.8%) | 71 (5.6%) | 0.3 |
| Hypertension | 1,284 (83%) | 256 (89%) | 1,028 (81%) | <0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 348 (22%) | 91 (32%) | 257 (20%) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 248 (16%) | 51 (18%) | 197 (16%) | 0.4 |
| Lymphoma | 90 (5.8%) | 19 (6.6%) | 71 (5.6%) | 0.5 |
| Fluid and electrolyte dis. | 1,186 (76%) | 237 (83%) | 949 (75%) | 0.006 |
| Metastatic cancer | 199 (13%) | 44 (15%) | 155 (12%) | 0.2 |
| Other neurologic dis. | 520 (33%) | 126 (44%) | 394 (31%) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 651 (42%) | 120 (42%) | 531 (42%) | >0.9 |
| Paralysis | 210 (14%) | 59 (21%) | 151 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular dis. | 420 (27%) | 92 (32%) | 328 (26%) | 0.039 |
| Psychoses | 153 (9.9%) | 40 (14%) | 113 (8.9%) | 0.015 |
| Pulmonary circulation dis. | 293 (19%) | 53 (18%) | 240 (19%) | >0.9 |
| Renal failure | 582 (37%) | 123 (43%) | 459 (36%) | 0.043 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 321 (21%) | 74 (26%) | 247 (20%) | 0.019 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 97 (6.2%) | 21 (7.3%) | 76 (6.0%) | 0.4 |
| Valvular disease | 340 (22%) | 62 (22%) | 278 (22%) | >0.9 |
| Weight loss | 479 (31%) | 103 (36%) | 376 (30%) | 0.047 |
IQR, interquartile range; med, median; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; BMI, body mass index; PCP, primary care physician; Dis., Disorder; CVD, collagen vascular diseases.
*
There was one case with unknown Elixhauser comorbidities.