Gurtcheff 2011.

Methods	Time frame and location: January to October 2009 in Salt Lake City, Utah (USA) Described as non‐inferiority trial Sample size calculation and outcomes of focus: lactation failure: assuming 5% failure in both groups, n = 27 per group for 80% power and 15% non‐inferiority margin; hours to lactogenesis II: assuming mean 54 ± 12, n = 34 per group for 80% power, and non‐inferiority margin of 8 additional hours
Participants	General with N and source: 69 healthy peripartum women Inclusion criteria: healthy; intended to breastfeed Exclusion criteria: onset of lactogenesis before randomization; hemorrhage requiring transfusion; severe pregnancy‐induced hypertension; prolonged hospitalization; coagulopathy; liver disease; undiagnosed genital bleeding; other contraindication to etonogestrel implant insertion; taking inducers of hepatic enzymes
Interventions	Etonogestrel implant with different insertion times Treatment: early insertion, 1 to 3 days postpartum Comparison: standard insertion, 4 to 8 weeks postpartum Timing: See above
Outcomes	Measures: lactation failure (assessed 3 times daily in hospital and at least daily after discharge; diagnosed by 120 hours); time to lactogenesis stage II (copious milk secretion); breastfeeding, full or any (shown in figure without actual numbers); creamatocrit for fat and energy content of milk sample from 6‐week visit Assessments: 2 and 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months postpartum
Notes	Investigator provided data for breastfeeding continuation (full or any).
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated random numbers in varying blocks of 2, 4, 6
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not blinded; considered not feasible
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Loss to follow‐up: early insertion 17% (6/35); standard insertion 18% (6/34)