Table 1. Characteristics of Neighborhoods by Environmental Burden Quartile.
| Characteristic | All neighborhoods (N = 71 659) | Environmental burden quartile | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First (lowest) (n = 17 794) | Second (n = 17 967) | Third (n = 17 960) | Fourth (highest) (n = 17 938) | |||
| Total population, No. |
306 156 446 | 76 318 546 | 79 210 373 | 77 172 158 | 73 455 369 | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 39 (34-44) | 42 (36-47) | 40 (35-45) | 39 (34-43) | 37 (32-42) | <.001 |
| Female, median % (IQR) | 51 (49-53) | 51 (49-53) | 51 (49-53) | 51 (49-53) | 51 (49-53) | <.001 |
| Census region, No. (%) | ||||||
| Midwest | 16 930 (23.6) | 2782 (15.6) | 4125 (23.0) | 4832 (26.9) | 5191 (28.9) | <.001 |
| Northeast | 13 343 (18.6) | 2004 (11.3) | 2731 (15.2) | 3826 (21.3) | 4782 (26.7) | |
| South | 25 951 (36.2) | 7356 (41.3) | 7339 (40.8) | 6290 (35.0) | 4966 (27.7) | |
| West | 15 435 (21.5) | 5652 (31.8) | 3772 (21.0) | 3012 (16.8) | 2999 (16.7) | |
| Rurality, No. (%)a | ||||||
| Rural | 11 864 (16.6) | 4380 (24.6) | 3690 (20.5) | 2482 (13.8) | 1312 (7.3) | <.001 |
| Urban | 59 795 (83.4) | 13 414 (75.4) | 14 277 (79.5) | 15 478 (86.2) | 16 626 (92.7) | |
| Health care access | ||||||
| Rate of annual physician visit, median % (IQR)b | 76 (73-79) | 75 (72-78) | 76 (73-79) | 77 (73-79) | 77 (73-80) | <.001 |
| Cardiologists per 100 000 population, median (IQR)c | 6 (3-9) | 5 (2-8) | 6 (2-9) | 7 (3-10) | 7 (5-11) | <.001 |
| Primary care physicians per 100 000 population, median (IQR)d | 73 (55-93) | 70 (49-86) | 72 (51-92) | 73 (55-95) | 74 (59-95) | <.001 |
| Social vulnerability index | ||||||
| Social vulnerability index score, median (IQR)e | 0.50 (0.25-0.75) | 0.42 (0.20-0.65) | 0.45 (0.22-0.70) | 0.51 (0.26-0.76) | 0.64 (0.36-0.85) | <.001 |
| Racial and ethnic minority population, median % (IQR)f | 19 (7-47) | 12 (5-30) | 15 (6-37) | 21 (7-50) | 34 (12-73) | <.001 |
| Poverty rate, median % (IQR)g | 12 (7-21) | 10 (6-16) | 11 (6-18) | 12 (7-21) | 16 (9-27) | <.001 |
| Uninsurance rate, median % (IQR)h | 13 (10-19) | 12 (9-17) | 13 (9-18) | 13 (10-19) | 15 (11-22) | <.001 |
| Population without high school diploma, median % (IQR)i | 10 (5-18) | 8 (4-14) | 9 (5-16) | 10 (6-18) | 14 (8-23) | <.001 |
Derived from 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes from the US Department of Agriculture.
Neighborhood-level measure from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s PLACES data set of the percent of adults aged 18 years and older who report having been to a doctor for a routine checkup (eg, a general physical examination, not an examination for a specific injury, illness, or condition) in the previous year.
County-level number of physicians specializing in cardiovascular disease per 100 000 population from the Area Health Resources File.
County-level number of nonfederal primary care physicians per 100 000 population from the Area Health Resources File.
Neighborhood-level percentile ranked sum of social vulnerability indicators, ranging from 0 to 1, with 0 representing the least social vulnerability and 1 representing the most social vulnerability.
Percentage of neighborhood composed of racial and ethnic minority individuals (all persons except non-Hispanic White individuals).
Percentage of neighborhood population with incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level.
Percentage of civilian and noninstitutionalized population in the neighborhood with no health insurance.
Percentage of neighborhood population with no high school diploma among those 25 years and older.