Table 3.
Prevalence of high-risk HPV infection based on the socio-demographic and economic profile of women attending screening (n = 36,738)
| Variables | Total, n | High-risk HPV not detected | High-risk HPV Positive | Unsatisfactory HPV test | Missing | P-value a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | |||
| Total | ||||||||||
| Overall | 36,738 | 34,005 | 92.56 (92.29–92.82) | 1,666 | 4.53 (4.33–4.75) | 911 | 2.48 (2.33–2.64) | 156 | 0.42 (0.36–0.50) | |
| Locality† | ||||||||||
| Rural | 3,489 | 3,295 | 94.44 (93.63–95.15) | 88 | 2.52 (2.05–3.10) | 84 | 2.41 (1.95–2.97) | 22 | 0.63 (0.42–0.96) | 0.000* |
| Urban | 23,248 | 21,307 | 91.65 (91.29–92.00) | 1,296 | 5.57 (5.29–5.88) | 562 | 2.42 (2.23–2.62) | 83 | 0.36 (0.29–0.44) | |
| Unrecorded# | 10,001 | 9,403 | 94.02 (93.54–94.47) | 282 | 2.82 (2.51–3.16) | 265 | 2.65 (2.35–2.98) | 51 | 0.51 (0.39–0.67) | |
| State | ||||||||||
| Johor | 979 | 854 | 87.23 (84.99–89.18) | 74 | 7.56 (6.06–9.39) | 26 | 2.66 (1.81–3.87) | 25 | 2.55 (1.73–3.75) | 0.000* |
| Kedah | 9,392 | 8,829 | 94.01 (93.51–94.47) | 266 | 2.83 (2.52–3.19) | 248 | 2.64 (2.33–2.98) | 49 | 0.52 (0.39–0.69) | |
| Kelantan | 2,410 | 2,275 | 94.40 (93.41–95.25) | 50 | 2.07 (1.58–2.73) | 77 | 3.20 (2.56–3.98) | 8 | 0.33 (0.17–0.66) | |
| Negeri Sembilan | 1,252 | 1,149 | 91.77 (90.12–93.17) | 55 | 4.39 (3.39–5.68) | 39 | 3.12 (2.28–4.24) | 9 | 0.72 (0.37–1.38) | |
| Selangor | 4,997 | 4,794 | 95.94 (95.35–96.45) | 147 | 2.94 (2.51–3.45) | 39 | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 17 | 0.34 (0.21–0.55) | |
| WPKL & Putrajaya | 17,708 | 16,104 | 90.94 (90.51–91.36) | 1,074 | 6.07 (5.72–6.43) | 482 | 2.72 (2.49–2.97) | 48 | 0.27 (0.20–0.36) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||
| 20–29 | 587 | 529 | 90.12 (87.43–92.29) | 25 | 4.26 (2.89–6.23) | 22 | 3.75 (2.48–5.63) | 11 | 1.87 (1.04–3.35) | 0.088 |
| 30–39 | 21,478 | 19,901 | 92.66 (92.30–93.00) | 996 | 4.64 (4.36–4.93) | 490 | 2.28 (2.09–2.49) | 91 | 0.42 (0.35–0.52) | |
| 40–49 | 11,073 | 10,194 | 92.06 (91.54–92.55) | 511 | 4.61 (4.24–5.02) | 323 | 2.92 (2.62–3.25) | 45 | 0.41 (0.30–0.54) | |
| 50–65 | 3,600 | 3381 | 93.92 (93.09–94.65) | 134 | 3.72 (3.15–4.39) | 76 | 2.11 (1.69–2.64) | 9 | 0.25 (0.13–0.48) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Malay | 30,638 | 28,564 | 93.23 (92.94–93.51) | 1182 | 3.86 (3.65–4.08) | 759 | 2.48 (2.31–2.66) | 133 | 0.43 (0.37–0.51) | 0.000* |
| Chinese | 3,046 | 2,764 | 90.74 (89.66–91.72) | 223 | 7.32 (6.45–8.30) | 47 | 1.54 (1.16–2.05) | 12 | 0.39 (0.22–0.69) | |
| Indian | 2,447 | 2,145 | 87.66 (86.29–88.90) | 210 | 8.58 (7.53–9.76) | 84 | 3.43 (2.78–4.23) | 8 | 0.33 (0.16–0.65) | |
| Others | 591 | 519 | 87.82 (84.92–90.22) | 50 | 8.46 (6.47–10.99) | 19 | 3.21 (2.06–4.99) | 3 | 0.51 (0.16–1.56) | |
| Missing | 16 | 13 | 81.25 (54.23–94.06) | 1 | 6.25 (0.82–35.04) | 2 | 12.50 (3.00–39.76) | 0 | ||
| Education level† | ||||||||||
| Never attended school/Primary | 655 | 607 | 92.67 (90.41–94.44) | 37 | 5.65 (4.12–7.70) | 9 | 1.37 (0.72–2.62) | 2 | 0.31 (0.08–1.21) | 0.084 |
| Secondary | 4,816 | 4,467 | 92.75 (91.99–93.45) | 252 | 5.23 (4.64–5.90) | 75 | 1.56 (1.24–1.95) | 22 | 0.46 (0.30–0.69) | |
| Certificate/Tertiary | 5,923 | 5,526 | 93.30 (92.63–93.91) | 260 | 4.39 (3.90–4.94) | 93 | 1.57 (1.28–1.92) | 44 | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | |
| Unrecorded# | 25,344 | 23,405 | 92.35 (92.02–92.67) | 1,117 | 4.41 (4.16–4.67) | 734 | 2.90 (2.70–3.11) | 88 | 0.35 (0.28–0.43) | |
| Occupation† | ||||||||||
| Self-employed | 758 | 690 | 91.03 (88.77–92.87) | 51 | 6.73 (5.15–8.75) | 11 | 1.45 (0.81–2.60) | 6 | 0.79 (0.36–1.75) | 0.002* |
| Government employee | 3,675 | 3,433 | 93.41 (92.57–94.17) | 152 | 4.14 (3.54–4.83) | 71 | 1.93 (1.53–2.43) | 19 | 0.52 (0.33–0.81) | |
| Private employee | 2,665 | 2,461 | 92.35 (91.27–93.30) | 151 | 5.67 (4.85–6.61) | 33 | 1.24 (0.88–1.74) | 20 | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) | |
| Pensioner/Housewife | 4,294 | 4,014 | 93.48 (92.70–94.18) | 195 | 4.54 (3.96–5.21) | 62 | 1.44 (1.13–1.85) | 23 | 0.54 (0.36–0.80) | |
| Unrecorded# | 25,346 | 23,407 | 92.35 (92.02–92.67) | 1,117 | 4.41 (4.16–4.67) | 734 | 2.90 (2.70–3.11) | 88 | 0.35 (0.28–0.43) | |
| Income level† | ||||||||||
| < = RM3999 | 6,656 | 6,189 | 92.98 (92.34–93.57) | 327 | 4.91 (4.42–5.46) | 95 | 1.43 (1.17–1.74) | 45 | 0.68 (0.51–0.9) | 0.443 |
| RM4000-RM7999 | 3,637 | 3,375 | 92.80 (91.91–93.59) | 177 | 4.87 (4.21–5.62) | 69 | 1.90 (1.50–2.40) | 16 | 0.44 (0.27–0.72) | |
| > = RM8000 | 1,091 | 1,027 | 94.13 (92.57–95.38) | 44 | 4.03 (3.01–5.38) | 13 | 1.19 (0.69–2.04) | 7 | 0.64 (0.31–1.34) | |
| Unrecorded# | 25,354 | 23,414 | 92.35 (92.01–92.67) | 1,118 | 4.41 (4.16–4.67) | 734 | 2.90 (2.70–3.11) | 88 | 0.35 (0.28–0.43) | |
| Sampling method | ||||||||||
| Assisted by HCP | 826 | 755 | 91.40 (89.29–93.13) | 41 | 4.96 (3.67–6.67) | 23 | 2.78 (1.86–4.16) | 7 | 0.85 (0.40–1.77) | 0.515 |
| Self-sampling | 35,872 | 33,215 | 92.59 (92.32–92.86) | 1,623 | 4.52 (4.31–4.74) | 885 | 2.47 (2.31–2.63) | 149 | 0.42 (0.35–0.49) | |
| Missing | 40 | 35 | 87.50 (73.04–94.76) | 2 | 5.00 (1.23–18.18) | 3 | 7.50 (2.40–21.07) | 0 | ||
| Year of HPV screening | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 17,493 | 16,205 | 92.64 (92.24–93.01) | 791 | 4.52 (4.22–4.84) | 451 | 2.58 (2.35–2.82) | 46 | 0.26 (0.2–0.35) | 0.337 |
| 2020 | 9,073 | 8,299 | 91.47 (90.88–92.03) | 387 | 4.27 (3.87–4.70) | 336 | 3.70 (3.33–4.11) | 51 | 0.56 (0.43–0.74) | |
| 2021 | 10,172 | 9,501 | 93.40 (92.90–93.87) | 488 | 4.80 (4.40–5.23) | 124 | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 59 | 0.58 (0.45–0.75) | |
| Number of children | ||||||||||
| 0 | 2,444 | 2,128 | 87.07 (85.68–88.34) | 225 | 9.21 (8.12–10.42) | 82 | 3.36 (2.71–4.15) | 9 | 0.37 (0.19–0.71) | 0.000* |
| 1 | 4,813 | 4,407 | 91.56 (90.75–92.32) | 261 | 5.42 (4.82–6.10) | 119 | 2.47 (2.07–2.95) | 26 | 0.54 (0.37–0.79) | |
| 2 | 8,820 | 8,176 | 92.70 (92.14–93.22) | 382 | 4.33 (3.93–4.78) | 220 | 2.49 (2.19–2.84) | 42 | 0.48 (0.35–0.64) | |
| 3 | 9,816 | 9,142 | 93.13 (92.62–93.62) | 417 | 4.25 (3.87–4.67) | 213 | 2.17 (1.90–2.48) | 44 | 0.45 (0.33–0.60) | |
| 4 | 6,246 | 5,855 | 93.74 (93.11–94.31) | 215 | 3.44 (3.02–3.92) | 150 | 2.40 (2.05–2.81) | 26 | 0.42 (0.28–0.61) | |
| > 4 | 4,380 | 4,095 | 93.49 (92.72–94.19) | 159 | 3.63 (3.12–4.23) | 118 | 2.69 (2.25–3.22) | 8 | 0.18 (0.09–0.36) | |
| Missing | 219 | 202 | 92.24 (87.86–95.13) | 7 | 3.20 (1.53–6.56) | 9 | 4.11 (2.15–7.72) | 1 | 0.46 (0.06–3.18) | |
HCP Healthcare provider, RM Malaysian Ringgit, WPKL Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, n number, % percentage, 95% CI 95% confidence interval
a Chi-square test compared high-risk HPV positive detected versus high-risk HPV not detected groups
† Information on locality, education level, income level and occupation was only collected from August 2020 onwards, rendering many unrecorded cases marked as #
* p-value < 0.05