Table 4.

Comparison of HPV infection prevalence across different studies conducted in Malaysia

	Current study	Khoo et al. [22]	Othman et al. [23]	Rahmat et al. [24]
Screening programme	Community-based	Community-based	Hospital-based	Laboratory-based
Screening method	HPV DNA testing	HPV DNA testing	Pap Smear	HPV DNA testing
HPV genotypes tested	14 High-risk (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68)	14 High-risk (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68) and 2 low-risk (6, 11)	14 High-risk (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68), 6 low-risk (6, 11, 40, 43, 44, 54,70), and undefined HPV risk	23 High-risk (16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 55, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 82), 10 low-risk types: (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 61, 62,81, 84), and 1 undefined
Target population	Women attending outpatient or maternal-child health departments of public primary healthcare facilities from six states in Malaysia	Women attending outpatient departments at five public primary healthcare facilities in Selangor.	Women attending three main hospitals in the North-Eastern region of West Malaysia	HPV DNA results were retrieved from archives in the Lab Information System (LIS) of Gnosis Laboratory from six states in Malaysia
Sector	Public	Public	Public	Private
Number of women screened	36,738	1,256	635	764
Duration	3 years (2019–2021)	3 years (2013–2015)	Not mentioned	2 years (2017–2018)
The targeted age group for screening (years)	20–65	18–60	Not mentioned Mean ± SD age among women screened: 43 ± 10.5	20–74
Prevalence	4.53% (high-risk genotypes)	7.20% (all tested genotypes) 6.50% (high-risk genotypes)	4.40% (all tested genotypes) 3.77% (high-risk genotypes)	14.00% (all tested genotypes) 10.70% (high-risk genotypes)
Prevalence by age group	20–29: 4.26% 30–39: 4.64% 40–49: 4.61% 50–65: 3.72%	18–24: 11.84% 25–30: 6.28% 31–40: 8.02% 41–50: 5.74% 51–60: 7.32%	Not described	21–29: 15.90% 30–65: 13.90% >65: 0

SD Standard deviation