FIGURE 5.

Binding of luteolin to GPVI and effect on convulxin-induced activation of ITAM and MAPK signaling pathways. (A) Molecular docking showing the schematic diagram of luteolin binding to GPVI (PDB code: 2GI7). Yellow: luteolin; green: GPVI; blue: interacting amino acid residues; yellow dashed lines: hydrogen bonds. (B) Inhibition of rhGPVI binding to immobilized collagen by increasing concentrations of luteolin. The binding of rhGPVI at 30 nM (black circles) to collagen was dose-dependently inhibited by luteolin with IC₅₀ values of 5.49 µM using nonlinear regression. In contrast, luteolin had no chromogenic reaction on the 5 μg/mL (black triangles) collagen. n = 3. (C) SPR analysis of the interaction between luteolin and GPVI. (D, E) Effect of luteolin on convulxin-induced activation of platelet ITAM and MAPK signaling pathway molecule. n = 3. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. Compared with the vehicle group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.