Table 1.
Participants’ Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | Overall n = 498 (100%) |
Minimum–Mild Depression n = 259 (52.0%) |
Moderate Depression n = 122 (24.5%) |
Moderately Severe Depression n = 68 (13.7%) |
Severe Depression n = 49 (9.8%) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 43.9 (11.5) | 44.3 (11.6) | 44.7 (11.3) | 41.7 (11.4) | 42.8 (11.1) | .263 |
| Gender | .304 | |||||
| Female | 133 (26.7) | 60 (23.2) | 36 (29.5) | 20 (29.4) | 17 (34.7) | |
| Male | 360 (72.3) | 197 (76.1) | 84 (68.9) | 48 (70.6) | 31 (63.3) | |
| Transgender | 5 (1.0) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Race | .047 | |||||
| White/Caucasian | 308 (64.2) | 148 (59.2) | 70 (61.4) | 53 (79.1) | 37 (75.5) | |
| Black/African American | 69 (14.4) | 43 (17.2) | 17 (14.9) | 5 (7.5) | 4 (8.2) | |
| Other | 103 (21.5) | 59 (23.6) | 27 (23.7) | 9 (13.4) | 8 (16.3) | |
| Latino/Hispanic ethnicity | .035 | |||||
| No | 386 (77.5) | 197 (76.1) | 88 (72.1) | 61 (89.7) | 40 (81.6) | |
| Yes | 112 (22.5) | 62 (23.9) | 34 (27.9) | 7 (10.3) | 9 (18.4) | |
| Cohabitation status | .861 | |||||
| Single, separated, divorced, or widowed | 437 (87.9) | 228 (88.0) | 107 (87.7) | 60 (88.2) | 42 (87.5) | |
| Married or living together | 55 (11.1) | 27 (10.4) | 15 (12.3) | 7 (10.3) | 6 (12.5) | |
| Other | 5 (1.0) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Education | .358 | |||||
| Less than high school | 116 (23.3) | 64 (24.7) | 29 (23.8) | 13 (19.1) | 10 (20.8) | |
| High school diploma or GED | 188 (37.8) | 87 (33.6) | 54 (44.3) | 30 (44.1) | 17 (35.4) | |
| ≥Some college | 193 (38.8) | 108 (41.7) | 39 (32.0) | 25 (36.8) | 21 (43.8) | |
| Living stability | .948 | |||||
| Stable housing | 253 (50.9) | 135 (52.1) | 61 (50.0) | 33 (48.5) | 24 (50.0) | |
| Unstable housing | 244 (49.1) | 124 (47.9) | 61 (50.0) | 35 (51.5) | 24 (50.0) | |
| Employed | .003 | |||||
| Yes | 176 (35.5) | 103 (39.9) | 40 (32.8) | 27 (39.7) | 6 (12.5) | |
| No | 320 (64.5) | 155 (60.1) | 82 (67.2) | 41 (60.3) | 42 (87.5) | |
| Clinical-related characteristics | ||||||
| PHQ-9 score, mean (SD) | 10.0 (6.4) | 4.9 (2.9) | 12.0 (1.4) | 16.8 (1.3) | 22.1 (1.8) | <.001 |
| Depression | .650 | |||||
| No | 104 (42.3) | 45 (44.1) | 26 (36.1) | 20 (45.5) | 13 (46.4) | |
| Yes | 142 (57.7) | 57 (55.9) | 46 (63.9) | 24 (54.5) | 15 (53.6) | |
| Anxiety | .817 | |||||
| No | 139 (56.5) | 61 (59.8) | 39 (54.2) | 23 (52.3) | 16 (57.1) | |
| Yes | 107 (43.5) | 41 (40.2) | 33 (45.8) | 21 (47.7) | 12 (42.9) | |
| Bipolar | .928 | |||||
| No | 202 (82.4) | 85 (83.3) | 58 (81.7) | 37 (84.1) | 22 (78.6) | |
| Yes | 43 (17.6) | 17 (16.7) | 13 (18.3) | 7 (15.9) | 6 (21.4) | |
| Schizophrenia | .545 | |||||
| No | 229 (93.5) | 97 (95.1) | 67 (94.4) | 40 (90.9) | 25 (89.3) | |
| Yes | 16 (6.5) | 5 (4.9) | 4 (5.6) | 4 (9.1) | 3 (10.7) | |
| PTSD | .049 | |||||
| No | 206 (84.1) | 93 (91.2) | 55 (77.5) | 37 (84.1) | 21 (75.0) | |
| Yes | 39 (15.9) | 9 (8.8) | 16 (22.5) | 7 (15.9) | 7 (25.0) | |
| Other | .829 | |||||
| No | 150 (61.2) | 60 (58.8) | 43 (60.6) | 28 (63.6) | 19 (67.9) | |
| Yes | 95 (38.8) | 42 (41.2) | 28 (39.4) | 16 (36.4) | 9 (32.1) | |
| SVR | .088 | |||||
| No | 39 (7.8) | 25 (9.7) | 3 (2.5) | 6 (8.8) | 5 (10.2) | |
| Yes | 459 (92.2) | 234 (90.3) | 119 (97.5) | 62 (91.2) | 44 (89.8) | |
| Treatment arm | .878 | |||||
| Modified directly observed therapy | 247 (49.6) | 130 (50.2) | 57 (46.7) | 34 (50.0) | 26 (53.1) | |
| Patient navigation | 251 (50.4) | 129 (49.8) | 65 (53.3) | 34 (50.0) | 23 (46.9) | |
| Clinical setting | .470 | |||||
| OTP | 232 (46.6) | 116 (44.8) | 54 (44.3) | 36 (52.9) | 26 (53.1) | |
| CHC | 266 (53.4) | 143 (55.2) | 68 (55.7) | 32 (47.1) | 23 (46.9) | |
| Opioid agonist therapy | .551 | |||||
| None | 136 (27.3) | 74 (28.6) | 29 (23.8) | 22 (32.4) | 11 (22.4) | |
| Buprenorphine | 60 (12.0) | 31 (12.0) | 19 (15.6) | 6 (8.8) | 4 (8.2) | |
| Methadone | 302 (60.6) | 154 (59.5) | 74 (60.7) | 40 (58.8) | 34 (69.4) | |
| Previously received HCV treatment (non-DAA) | .713 | |||||
| No | 473 (95.0) | 248 (95.8) | 114 (93.4) | 65 (95.6) | 46 (93.9) | |
| Yes | 25 (5.0) | 11 (4.2) | 8 (6.6) | 3 (4.4) | 3 (6.1) | |
| Cirrhosis | .650 | |||||
| No | 468 (94.0) | 246 (95.0) | 113 (92.6) | 64 (94.1) | 45 (91.8) | |
| Yes | 30 (6.0) | 13 (5.0) | 9 (7.4) | 4 (5.9) | 4 (8.2) | |
| Genotype | .778 | |||||
| Type 1 | 272 (73.5) | 144 (75.0) | 65 (71.4) | 39 (70.9) | 24 (75.0) | |
| Type 2 | 32 (8.6) | 15 (7.8) | 10 (11.0) | 5 (9.1) | 2 (6.3) | |
| Type 3 | 60 (16.2) | 31 (16.1) | 15 (16.5) | 8 (14.5) | 6 (18.8) | |
| Type 4 | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Mixed | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| HIV coinfection (positive) | .422 | |||||
| No | 289 (80.3) | 154 (80.6) | 62 (74.7) | 46 (85.2) | 27 (84.4) | |
| Yes | 71 (19.7) | 37 (19.4) | 21 (25.3) | 8 (14.8) | 5 (15.6) | |
| Drug-related characteristics | ||||||
| Last drug injection | .397 | |||||
| 0–4 wk | 370 (74.3) | 182 (70.3) | 95 (77.9) | 53 (77.9) | 40 (81.6) | |
| 5–8 wk | 85 (17.1) | 49 (18.9) | 18 (14.8) | 12 (17.6) | 6 (12.2) | |
| 9–12 wk | 43 (8.6) | 28 (10.8) | 9 (7.4) | 3 (4.4) | 3 (6.1) | |
| Times injecting drugs per day, mean (SD) | 2.9 (2.7) | 2.8 (2.5) | 2.8 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.5) | 3.4 (4.5) | .759 |
| Substances injected in the past 3 mo | ||||||
| Mixture of cocaine and heroin | 124 (26.2) | 58 (23.6) | 28 (24.8) | 23 (34.3) | 15 (31.3) | .270 |
| Mixture of methamphetamine and heroin | 108 (22.8) | 55 (22.4) | 31 (27.4) | 10 (14.9) | 12 (25.0) | .273 |
| Heroin | 382 (80.6) | 194 (78.9) | 95 (84.1) | 49 (73.1) | 44 (91.7) | .058 |
| Methamphetamine | 175 (36.9) | 77 (31.3) | 46 (40.7) | 31 (46.3) | 21 (43.8) | .057 |
| Cocaine | 139 (29.3) | 61 (24.8) | 34 (30.1) | 24 (35.8) | 20 (41.7) | .061 |
| Crack | 69 (14.6) | 29 (11.8) | 22 (19.5) | 7 (10.4) | 11 (22.9) | .065 |
| Fentanyl | 19 (43.2) | 9 (34.6) | 6 (54.5) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (100) | .130 |
| Poly-substances | 279 (58.9) | 131 (53.3) | 71 (62.8) | 40 (59.7) | 37 (77.1) | .015 |
| Urine drug screen results positive at baseline visit | ||||||
| Any drug | 464 (96.7) | 241 (95.6) | 113 (96.6) | 65 (100) | 45 (97.8) | .396 |
| Amphetamine | 132 (27.5) | 59 (23.4) | 39 (33.3) | 17 (26.2) | 17 (37.0) | .101 |
| Methamphetamine | 149 (31.0) | 66 (26.2) | 43 (36.8) | 21 (32.3) | 19 (41.3) | .076 |
| Benzodiazepine | 259 (54.0) | 123 (48.8) | 66 (56.4) | 38 (58.5) | 32 (69.6) | .046 |
| Cocaine | 198 (41.3) | 97 (38.5) | 46 (39.3) | 28 (43.1) | 27 (58.7) | .077 |
| THC/cannabis positive | 239 (49.8) | 114 (45.2) | 64 (54.7) | 35 (53.8) | 26 (56.5) | .214 |
| Opiate | 241 (50.2) | 120 (47.6) | 59 (50.4) | 35 (53.8) | 27 (58.7) | .504 |
| Oxycodone | 128 (26.7) | 66 (26.2) | 27 (23.1) | 17 (26.2) | 18 (39.1) | .216 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: CHC, ; DAA, direct-acting antiviral; HCV, hepatitis C virus; OTP, ; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SVR, sustained virologic response.