Figure 4.

The average NRS scores at rest and during activity within 48 h after surgery in the groups.

Notes: The average NRS scores at rest (A) and during activity (B) were significantly lower in Group DQG compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these scores were significantly reduced in Group QG compared with Group GA (P < 0.05). The data were given as mean ± SD. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were compared by one-way ANOVA among groups and post hoc pairwise comparison of the groups. Group GA, GA alone; Group QG, SQLB with 30 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine and GA; Group DQG, SQLB with 30 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine plus 1 μg/kg DEX and GA.

Abbreviations: GA, general anesthesia; SQLB, subcostal anterior quadratus lumborum block; NRS, numerical rating scale; DEX, dexmedetomidine.