Table 1.
Role of exopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas biofilms.
| Exopolysaccharide | Role or function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Alginate | ||
| Tolerance to antibiotics | Hentzer et al. (2001), Høiby et al. (2011), Jacobs et al. (2022), Goltermann and Tolker-Nielsen (2017) | |
| Persistence against host immune response | Simpson et al. (1988), Song et al. (2003), Rowe III et al. (2023) | |
| Biofilm architecture | Hentzer et al. (2001), Hay et al. (2009), Jacobs et al. (2022) | |
| Biofilm attachment | Hay et al. (2009) | |
| Increased biofilm thickness due to cross-linking with calcium | Jacobs et al. (2022), Sarkisova et al. (2005) | |
| Maintenance of hydration | Chang et al. (2007) | |
| Resistance to desiccation | Chang et al. (2007) | |
| Contributes to coinfection with S. aureus | Limoli et al. (2017), Price et al. (2020) | |
| Pel | ||
| Pellicle formation/colony wrinkling | Madsen et al. (2015), Razvi et al. (2023a) | |
| Competitive advantage in pellicle biofilms under limited oxygen conditions | Madsen et al. (2015) | |
| Cell-to-cell interactions/aggregation | Colvin et al. (2011) | |
| Biofilm structure | Jennings et al. (2015) | |
| Tolerance to antibiotic treatment | Jennings et al. (2015), Goltermann and Tolker-Nielsen (2017) | |
| Invasion of existing biofilms | Kasetty et al. (2021) | |
| Perseverance in nutrient-starved conditions | Kasetty et al. (2021) | |
| Biofilm biomechanics | Razvi et al. (2023a) | |
| Psl | ||
| Antagonizes S. aureus growth by lysis | Lui et al. (2022) | |
| Early biofilm attachment | Ma et al. (2009), Zhao et al. (2013) | |
| Cell-to-cell interactions | Ma et al. (2009) | |
| Influences motility | Zhao et al. (2013) | |
| Stimulates c-di-GMP | Irie et al. (2012) | |
| Resistance to polysorbate 80 and antibiotics | Zegans et al. (2012), Billings et al. (2013), Goltermann and Tolker-Nielsen (2017) | |
| Competitive advantage against Pel-overproducing P. aeruginosa in early colonization, biofilm growth, and dispersal | Kasetty et al. (2021) | |
| Colonization of lung epithelia | Jones and Wozniak (2017), Ma et al. (2006) | |
| Persistence against host immune response | Mishra et al. (2012), Pestrak et al. (2019) | |
| Interacts with matrix proteins CdrA and ecotin for biofilm integrity | Borlee et al. (2010), Reichhardt et al. (2018), Tseng et al. (2018) | |
| Interacts with eDNA for biofilm/pellicle integrity | Wang et al. (2015) | |
| Interacts with antimicrobial peptides | Chin et al. (2017) | |
| Dispersal in nutrient-starved conditions | Kasetty et al. (2021) |