. 2023 Aug 17;78(11):1935–1946. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbad118

Table 1.

Weighted Sample Characteristics by Caregiving Arrangements, Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (Pooled 2015 and 2019 Samples)

Disability status	Reports difficulty with activities of daily living					No difficulty with ADLs
Caregiving arrangements	Care gap: Neither family/unpaid care nor paid care	Only family/ unpaid care	Only paid care	Both family/unpaid and paid care	Live in nursing home	No care needed
Family characteristics
Family structure
Has partner and child(ren)	50.7^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	56.0	22.4	44.8	15.4	66.0
Has partner, no child(ren)	3.7^a^,^b^,^d	4.5	3.9	3.8	0.9	4.3
No partner, has child(ren)	37.6^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	34.6	58.9	44.0	56.9	22.8
No partner, no children	8.0^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	5.0	14.8	7.4	26.8	6.9
Demographic characteristics
Gender
Women	58.3^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	57.1	71.2	65.5	66.6	53.1
Men	41.8^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	42.9	28.8	34.5	33.4	46.9
Age
50–54	5.5^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	3.7	0.6	1.2	0.3	10.7
55–59	17.6 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	13.2	4.1	4.9	9.0	26.3
60–64	10.7^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	7.3	3.3	4.9	3.8	16.9
65–69	13.3 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	9.0	4.8	5.8	5.0	14.6
70–74	12.8 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	12.0	9.5	8.2	6.9	11.7
75–79	13.1^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	13.8	9.1	12.7	7.4	9.3
80+	27.1 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	41.0	68.6	62.3	67.6	10.5
Socioeconomic characteristics
Education
Less than upper secondary education	45.2 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	65.4	63.0	57.1	59.0	36.6
Upper secondary and vocational training	40.3 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	27.1	28.4	32.3	26.8	41.4
Tertiary education	14.5 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	7.5	8.7	10.6	14.2	22.1
Total wealth (Euros)
≤49,999	37.5 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	40.9	43.0	42.3	75.7	25.3
50k–149,999	22.1 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	29.5	21.5	20.7	11.3	21.8
150k–500k	32.1^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	22.9	30.7	29.4	9.7	38.8
≥500k	8.3^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	6.8	4.8	7.5	3.4	14.1
Mean (SD)#ADL difficulty	1.72 (0.06)^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	2.65 (0.07)	2.61 (0.08)	3.49 (0.07)	2.44 (0.15)	NA
Region
Northern Europe	4.9 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	2.7	5.6	1.7	5.6	5.4
Western Europe	52.3^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	27.8	58.1	57.6	63.4	45.4
Southern Europe	22.6 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	43.0	27.9	30.3	22.5	32.4
Eastern Europe	19.6 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	25.7	4.6	8.1	7.2	15.4
Israel	0.7 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	0.8	3.8	2.3	1.3	1.3
Sample size (%)	6,886 (6.1)	3,796 (3.1)	959 (0.9)	1,536 (1.5)	1,178 (0.9)	98,608 (87.5)

Notes: The analytic sample is all respondents aged 50 and older. The total N = 112,963.

We tested whether respondents with a care gap differ significantly from the following groups:

^arespondents with only family/unpaid care

^bthose who received only paid care

^cthose who received both family/unpaid and paid care, and

^dthose living in nursing homes (p < .05).