. 2023 Aug 17;78(11):1935–1946. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbad118

Table 2.

Disability and Caregiving Arrangements by Family Structure and Region, Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (2015 and 2019)

Disability status	Reports difficulty with activities of daily living					No difficulty with Activities of Daily Living	Total
Caregiving arrangements	Care gap: Neither family/unpaid care nor paid care	Only family/unpaid care	Only paid care	Both family/unpaid and paid care	Lives in nursing home	No care needed	Total
Family structure
Has partner and child(ren)	4.9^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	2.7	0.3	1.0	0.2	90.9	77,797 100%
Has partner, no child(ren)	5.4 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	3.2	0.8	1.3	0.2	89.1	4,669 100%
No partner, has child(ren)	9.2 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	4.2	2.1	2.6	2.1	79.8	24,945 100%
No partner, no children	6.9 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	2.1	1.8	1.5	3.5	84.2	5,552 100%
Region
Northern Europe	5.8 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	1.6	0.9	0.5	1.0	90.3	23,900 100%
Western Europe	7.0 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	1.9	1.1	1.9	1.3	86.9	35,050 100%
Southern Europe	4.3 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	4.1	0.8	1.4	0.6	88.8	35,875 100%
Eastern Europe	7.6 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	5.0	0.3	0.8	0.4	85.9	15,232 100%
Israel	3.0 ^a^,^b^,^c^,^d	1.9	2.5	2.6	0.9	89.0	2,906 100%
Total	6,886	3,796	959	1,536	1,178	98,608	112,963 100%
Total	6.1%	3.1%	0.9%	1.5%	0.9%	87.5%	112,963 100%

Notes: Sample weighted using person-level weights. Results by country are shown in Supplementary Table 1. The analytic sample is all respondents aged 50 and older. The total N = 112,963.

We tested whether respondents with a care gap differ significantly by region and family structure from the following groups:

^arespondents with only family/unpaid care

^bthose who received only paid care

^cthose who received both family/unpaid and paid care, and

^dthose living in nursing homes (p < .05).