Table 3.

Relative Risk Ratios from Multinomial Logistic Regression Model Predicting Caregiving Arrangements Among Respondents Who Report Difficulty with ADLs or Live in a Nursing Home, Survey of Aging, Health and Retirement in Europe (Pooled 2015 and 2019 Samples)

	Care Gap: Neither family/unpaid care nor paid care	Only paid care	Both family/unpaid and paid care	Live in nursing home
	vs only family/ unpaid care	vs Only family/ unpaid care	vs Only family/ unpaid care	vs Only family/ unpaid care
Family structure (partnered, has children)
Partnered, no child(ren)	0.81	2.17*	1.07	0.74
Unpartnered, has child(ren)	1.72***	3.44***	1.24	4.21***
Unpartnered, no children	2.32***	7.50***	1.79*	17.87***
Men (Women)	0.87	0.85	0.79*	1.11
Age (50–54)
55–59	0.96	1.68	1.08	7.51**
60–64	1.05	2.96	2.45	6.82**
65–69	1.10	3.36*	2.43	7.48**
70–74	0.75	4.31**	2.20	6.91**
75–79	0.77	3.87*	3.17*	7.53**
80+	0.55*	8.33***	4.93**	20.66***
Education (Less than upper secondary education)
Upper secondary and vocational training	1.36**	1.09	1.39*	0.98
Tertiary education	1.64***	0.99	1.41	1.90**
Total wealth (≤49,999, Euros)
50k–149,999	1.05	0.80	0.70*	0.24***
150k–500k	1.57***	1.08	0.89	0.20***
≥500k	1.17	0.50**	0.67	0.18***
Number of difficulties with ADLs	0.72***	0.999	1.28***	0.96
Regions (Western Europe)
Northern Europe	0.99	1.09	0.31***	0.93
Southern Europe	0.40***	0.25***	0.28***	0.23***
Eastern Europe	0.50***	0.07***	0.12***	0.08***
Israel	0.49**	2.63***	1.18	1.01
Constant	5.11***	0.06***	0.16***	0.04***

Notes: The analytic sample is respondents aged 50 and older who have difficulty with at least one ADL or live in a nursing home. The total N = 14,355.

*p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.