. 2023 Aug 17;78(11):1935–1946. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbad118

Table 5.

Sources of Help by Family Structure and Region, Among Respondents Reporting Difficulty with ADLs and Living in Nursing Homes, SHARE (2015 and 2019)

	Family structure
	Partnered, has child(ren)	Partnered, no children	Unpartnered, has children	Kinless: Unpartnered, no children
Northern Europe
Spouse/partner only	18.5	15.3^d	NA	NA
Children only	2.1	NA	6.2^e	NA
Mix of family members	1.0	1.8	2.0	5.4 ^a^,^b^,^c
Nonfamily members only	5.8	4.5	19.0	19.7^a^,^b^,^c
Mix of family and nonfamily	4.9	8.5	2.7	3.0 ^a^,^b
Live in nursing home	4.7	7.6	14.2	21.9^a^,^b^,^c
Care gap: receives no unpaid or paid care	63.0	62.4	55.8	50.0^a^,^b^,^c
Western Europe
Spouse/partner only	18.9	13.1^d	NA	NA
Children only	0.8	NA	5.5^e	NA
Mix of family members	0.9	0.0	1.3	4.0^a^,^c
Nonfamily members only	4.9	10.8	18.7	18.5^a^,^b^,^c
Mix of family and nonfamily	13.4	9.9	12.0	6.5^a^,^b^,^c
Live in nursing home	3.0	1.9	14.8	23.4^a^,^b^,^c
Care gap: receives no unpaid or paid care	58.1	64.3	47.7	47.7^a^,^b
Southern Europe
Spouse/partner only	24.3	45.4^d	NA	NA
Children only	7.9	NA	29.9^e	NA
Mix of family members	6.1	8.5	2.4	16.8^a^,^b^,^c
Nonfamily members only	6.6	13.7	12.1	21.9^a^,^b^,^c
Mix of family and nonfamily	10.9	10.6	12.0	7.1^a^,^b^,^c
Live in nursing home	1.5	0.01	6.7	22.8^a^,^b^,^c
Care gap: receives no unpaid or paid care	42.7	21.9	36.9	31.5^a^,^b^,^c
Eastern Europe
Spouse/partner only	24.6	30.7^d	NA	NA
Children only	5.6	NA	29.7^e	NA
Mix of family members	6.6	0.0	3.4	19.6 ^a^,^c
Nonfamily members only	1.4	6.5	4.2	7.5^a^,^b^,^c^c
Mix of family and nonfamily	4.8	21.1	6.4	6.7^a^,^b
Live in nursing home	1.0	5.2	3.3	12.5^a^,^b^,^c
Care gap: receives no unpaid or paid care	56.0	36.5	53.0	53.8^a^,^b^,^c
Israel
Spouse/partner only	17.9	7.2^d	NA	NA
Children only	6.1	NA	8.0^e	NA
Mix of family members	1.2	0.0	0.0	5.0^a
Nonfamily members only	19.9	54.2	38.4	50.1^a^,^b^,^c
Mix of family and nonfamily	20.8	30.2	16.6	5.4^a^,^b^,^c
Live in nursing home	3.4	0.0	12.9^e	0.0
Care gap: receives no unpaid or paid care	30.7	8.4	24.1	39.4^a^,^b^,^c

Notes: The analytic sample is respondents aged 50 and older who have difficulty with at least one ADL or live in a nursing home. The total N = 14,355.

We tested whether kinless respondents differ significantly from respondents

^awith a partner and children

^bwith a partner and no children

^cno partner and children

^dWe also tested differences between those with a partner and no children from those with a partner and children, and

^edifferences between no partner and children from those with a partner and children (p < .05).