Table 2.
Social Isolation and Emotional Well-being During COVID-19 for Predicting Poor Health Behaviors
| Low physical activity (6 = “never”) |
Drinks in week | Current smoker | Feeling rested (4 = “never”) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 OR (95%CI) | Model 2 OR (95%CI) | Model 3 IRR (95% CI) |
Model 4 IRR (95% CI) |
Model 5 OR (95%CI) |
Model 6 OR (95%CI) |
Model 7 OR (95%CI) |
Model 8 OR (95%CI) |
|
| Physical activity in 2015 (1–6) | 1.43*** [1.35, 1.51] |
1.42*** [1.35, 1.50] |
||||||
| Drinks per week in 2015 | 1.22*** [1.19, 1.25] |
1.22*** [1.19, 1.25] |
||||||
| Smoker in 2015 | 126.04*** [71.4, 222.4] |
139.02*** [76.3, 253.2] |
||||||
| Restless sleep in 2015 (1–4) | 1.50*** [1.38, 1.63] |
1.38*** [1.27, 1.51] |
||||||
| Social isolation | ||||||||
| Infrequent in-person family contact during COVID-19 | 1.01 [0.87, 1.17] |
0.99 [0.86, 1.15] |
1.13 [0.87, 1.45] |
1.09 [0.86, 1.38] |
1.50 [0.84, 2.69] |
1.48 [0.85, 2.59] |
1.10 [0.89, 1.35] |
1.05 [0.84, 1.31] |
| Infrequent in-person friend contact during COVID-19 | 1.23 [0.99, 1.54] |
1.22 [0.98, 1.52] |
0.83 [0.64, 1.07] |
0.82 [0.63, 1.06] |
0.61 [0.31, 1.23] |
0.67 [0.34, 1.31] |
0.98 [0.78, 1.22] |
0.91 [0.73, 1.13] |
| Emotional well-being during COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Loneliness (0–9) | 1.02 [0.98, 1.08] |
1.05 [0.99, 1.10] |
0.85* [0.75, 0.98] |
1.11*** [1.05, 1.17] |
||||
| Anxiety (0–6) | 1.08 [1.00, 1.18] |
1.02 [0.92, 1.14] |
1.17 [0.88, 1.56] |
1.35*** [1.25, 1.46] |
||||
| Felt depressed (1–4) | 1.11 [0.96, 1.27] |
1.06 [0.88, 1.27] |
1.12 [0.76, 1.66] |
1.29*** [1.13, 1.47] |
||||
| Increase in remote modes of contact since COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Increased phone family contact | 0.87 [0.68, 1.12] |
0.87 [0.68, 1.12] |
0.83 [0.63, 1.10] |
0.82 [0.63, 1.08] |
1.18 [0.52, 2.64] |
1.23 [0.54, 2.85] |
0.89 [0.69, 1.14] |
0.88 [0.69, 1.13] |
| Increased messaging family contact | 1.10 [0.87, 1.38] |
1.11 [0.87, 1.40] |
1.15 [0.87, 1.51] | 1.14 [0.87, 1.49] |
0.93 [0.48, 1.82] |
0.88 [0.44, 1.76] |
0.87 [0.65, 1.15] |
0.86 [0.65, 1.14] |
| Increased video call family contact | 0.98 [0.76, 1.27] |
0.98 [0.75, 1.28] |
1.13 [0.84, 1.53] |
1.13 [0.84, 1.52] |
1.24 [0.49, 3.14] |
1.30 [0.51, 3.28] |
1.33* [1.05, 1.69] |
1.34* [1.05, 1.69] |
| Increased phone friend contact | 1.05 [0.80, 1.37] |
1.05 [0.80, 1.37] |
0.99 [0.74, 1.32] | 1.01 [0.75, 1.37] |
0.76 [0.37, 1.59] |
0.81 [0.37, 1.79] |
1.25 [0.89, 1.76] |
1.24 [0.86, 1.78] |
| Increased messaging friend contact | 1.00 [0.78, 1.29] |
0.95 [0.73, 1.23] |
0.88 [0.68, 1.14] |
0.82 [0.62, 1.08] |
0.65 [0.22, 1.88] |
0.67 [0.22, 2.02] |
1.08 [0.79, 1.48] |
0.92 [0.68, 1.23] |
| Increased video call friend contact | 0.91 [0.68, 1.21] |
0.90 [0.68, 1.21] |
1.16 [0.82, 1.66] |
1.21 [0.85, 1.72] |
0.25* [0.09, 0.70] |
0.24** [0.08, 0.66] |
0.75* [0.57, 0.98] |
0.72* [0.54, 0.94] |
| Constant | 1.87 [0.48, 7.38] |
1.57 [0.40, 6.09] |
0.38 [0.03, 4.51] |
0.46 [0.04, 5.48] |
||||
| N | 2,496 | 2,396 | 2,405 | 2,453 | ||||
Notes: ADL = activity of daily living; CI = confidence interval; COVID-19 = Corona Virus Immune Disease-2019; IRR = incident rate ratio; OR = odds ratio.
We use ordered logistic regressions for physical activity and poor sleep, negative binomial regression for drinks per week, and logistic regression for smoking status. Regressions also control for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education at round three, ADL problems at round three, comorbidities at round three, financial situation during COVID-19, concern about COVID-19, change in household size, interview month and survey mode.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed tests).