Comparison 6. Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback versus written information on the same topic.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
6.1 Diabetes health literacy, DHLS (short‐term: immediately post‐intervention )	1	240	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.00 [‐0.15, 4.15]
6.2 Health literacy ‐ competencies: inhaler use technique, checklist 0 to 10 (medium‐term: 3 months post‐intervention)	2	176	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.26, 1.70]
6.3 Health literacy ‐ understanding physician's instructions (medium‐term: 3 months post‐intervention)	1	85	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.55, 0.63]
6.4 Health literacy ‐ appraise: decisional conflict (short‐term: 1 month post‐intervention)	1	608	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐9.88 [‐12.87, ‐6.89]
6.5 Health literacy ‐ apply: informed decision against HPV vaccination (short‐term: 1 month post‐intervention)	1	608	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.51 [1.29, 1.77]
6.6 Any health‐related knowledge, 0 to 100 (short‐term: up to 1 month post‐intervention) ‐ all studies	3	987	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	8.35 [‐0.32, 17.02]
6.7 Any health‐related knowledge, 0 to 100 (short‐term: up to 1 month post‐intervention) ‐ by subgroup audiovisual (multimedia)/visual (print only)	3	987	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	8.35 [‐0.32, 17.02]
6.7.1 Audiovisual format (multimedia)	1	608	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	15.00 [12.61, 17.39]
6.7.2 Visual format (print only)	2	379	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.75 [‐3.33, 12.84]
6.8 Any health‐related knowledge, 0 to 100 (medium‐term: 3 to 6 months post‐intervention) ‐ all studies	3	979	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	7.30 [‐3.73, 18.32]
6.9 Any health‐related knowledge, 0 to 100 (medium‐term: 3 to 6 months post‐intervention) ‐ by subgroup audiovisual (multimedia)/visual (print only)	3	979	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	7.30 [‐3.73, 18.32]
6.9.1 Audiovisual format (multimedia)	2	786	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	12.27 [8.28, 16.26]
6.9.2 Visual format (print only)	1	193	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.80 [‐8.00, 2.40]
6.10 Health outcome: depression, PHQ‐8 (long‐term: 12 months post‐intervention)	1	445	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.60 [‐1.37, 0.17]
6.11 Health behaviour: any cancer screening uptake (medium‐term: up to 6‐month follow‐up)	2	803	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.95, 1.20]
6.12 Health behaviour: new documentation of advance care planning (long‐term: 12 months post‐intervention)	1	445	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.49 [1.13, 1.97]
6.13 Breast cancer self‐efficacy (short‐term: immediately post‐intervention)	1	240	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.02, 0.18]
6.14 Cancer‐related self‐efficacy (medium‐term: at 3‐month follow‐up)	2	256	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.18, 0.33]
6.15 Self‐efficacy regarding Pap testing (medium‐term: at 6‐month follow‐up)	1	727	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.98, 1.06]
6.16 Adverse event: anxiety, GAD‐7 (long‐term: 12 months post‐intervention)	1	445	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.70 [‐1.40, 0.00]