aRisks are evaluated using a Cox model with age as timescale with stratification by sex and race, and with adjustment to the baseline hazard for diabetes, body mass index (BMI), smoking status (current smoker/ex-smoker/never smoker, numbers of cigarettes/day, age stopped smoking), each ascertained at the baseline survey, and cumulative UVB radiant exposure, ascertained in the course of follow-up. For each endpoint (cataract, cataract extraction) follow-up is restricted to those persons eligible for study (no record of radiotherapy or disease at baseline, unambiguous status at end of follow-up etc) and for cataract surgery the subject had to be free of cataract at the baseline questionnaire (see Methods). The cumulative eye-lens absorbed dose groups used were 0-9, 10-19, 20-49, 50-99, 100-199, 200-499, ≥500 mGy, the first of these used as the reference group (relative risk=1). For cataract surgery the baseline hazard was adjusted by 1years since baseline questionnaire < 5 years, and excess risk was limited to ≥5 years after baseline questionnaire.