Table 2.

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of polymers from different natural sources in BTE

Composite	Advantage	Disadvantage	References
Collagen	No cytotoxicity, no irritation, good compatibility with human tissues, low immunogenicity	Low inflammatory symptoms, Low mechanical strength	[35–37]
Gelatin	It can regulate cell adhesion and physiological activity, as well as the release of growth factors, cell diffusion, and vascular growth, to improve the final biological behavior of biomaterials	Poor stability at high temperature, low mechanical strength	[38, 39]
Soybean protein	It has good mechanical toughness, ideal water solubility, good biodegradability, and non immunogenicity	Low compression strength and poor fatigue resistance	[40]
Osteopontin	High yield and low production costs	Poor and unstable mechanical strength	[41]
Silk fibroin	Good biocompatibility, rare inflammatory reactions, water vapor permeability, and controllable biodegradability	Easy to break and difficult to form uniform thickness	[42–46]
Alginate	It is non-toxic, has good biocompatibility, has no immunogenicity, is biodegradable, is cheap, has rich sources, and is easy to gel under mild conditions	It lacks tissue engineering cell adhesion sites, has poor and unstable mechanical strength, and has slow biodegradability, which greatly limits its practical application	[47–50]
Chitosan	It is non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, non immunogenic, and can support cell adhesion	Unstable mechanical performance	[51]