Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of GFD vs. GCD effect on gastrointestinal symptoms.
| Outcome and subgroups | Number of studies | SMD (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p heterogeneity | I 2 | p between | |||
| Abdominal pain | |||||
| Overall effect | 8 | −0.68 (−1.36, −0.00) | <0.001 | 92.1% | - |
| Trial duration | |||||
| Up to 4 weeks | 4 | −1.17 (−2.57, 0.23) | <0.001 | 95.4% | 0.210 |
| More than 4 weeks | 4 | −0.20 (−0.77, 0.36) | 0.003 | 78.8% | |
| Risk of bias | |||||
| Low risk of bias | 5 | −0.40 (−0.71, −0.09) | 0.234 | 28.2% | 0.450 |
| High risk of bias | 3 | −1.13 (−3.01, 0.75) | <0.001 | 97.6% | |
| Overall symptoms | |||||
| Overall effect | 7 | −0.31 (−0.92, 0.31) | <0.001 | 87.8% | - |
| Trial duration | |||||
| Up to 4 weeks | 5 | −0.03 (−0.70, 0.64) | <0.001 | 87.4% | 0.011 |
| More than 4 weeks | 2 | −1.11 (−1.61, −0.61) | 0.403 | 0.0% | |
| Bloating | |||||
| Overall effect | 6 | −0.37 (−1.03, 0.30) | <0.001 | 87.3% | - |
| Trial duration | |||||
| Up to 4 weeks | 3 | 0.12 (−0.26, 0.50) | 0.228 | 32.3% | 0.182 |
| More than 4 weeks | 3 | −0.88 (−2.31, 0.54) | <0.001 | 93.0% | |