Mikawa 1996.

Methods	Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial; anaesthetists, patients and observers blinded to treatment
Participants	ASA I children from 5‐12 years old, undergoing minor surgery (ophthalmic, otological or urological). Ninety (90) children divided into 3 groups of 30: one group for placebo, the others for two different doses of clonidine No exclusion criteria given
Interventions	Clonidine 2 μg/kg or Clonidine 4 μg/kg or Control: placebo All premedications given in apple juice, 105 min before estimated time of induction of anaesthesia. Atropine 0.03 mg/kg in apple juice given to all children 60 min before estimated time of induction
Outcomes	Pain by Objective Pain Scale; presented as overall highest OPS score Number of children requiring rescue analgesia (diclofenac suppository) in the first 12 hours after surgery Number of children pain‐free in the first 12 hours after surgery Sedation score Perioperative vital signs also recorded at various points throughout course of anaesthesia, surgery and recovery Time to extubation Time to eye opening Time to obeying commands Postoperative recovery score (Aldrete) on return to ward
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	States "randomized" but method not given
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not given
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Anaesthetist and observers blinded to group assignment; premedication or placebo given to patient in apple juice so patient appears also to have been blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All patients appear to have been included
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	None evident
Other bias	Low risk	None evident; patient demographics and types of surgery are evenly distributed among between groups