Table 3.

Complications reported in the studies.

Complications	RA (n = 787)	FH (n = 795)
Screw-related
Proximal facet violations	5 (0.64%)	33 (4.15%)
Screw repair during operation	16 (2.03%)	49 (6.16%)
Postoperative screw loosening	0	1 (0.13%)
Injury of vertebral artery	0	1 (0.13%)
Nerve root injury	2 (0.25%)	10 (1.26%)
Screw-unrelated
Infection	2 (0.25%)	5 (0.63%)
Numbness in the back and lower limbs	1 (0.13%)	0
Delayed wound healing	0	1 (0.13%)
Transfusion events	10 (1.27%)	14 (1.76%)
Cerebrospinal fluid leak	1 (0.13%)	3 (0.38%)
Decreased muscle strength	1 (0.13%)	1 (0.13%)
Dural injury	0	1 (0.13%)
Total	38 (4.83%)	119 (14.97%)

FH, freehand; RA, robot assisted.