Table 3.
Retrospective change in psychological distress, well-being and social connection
| Retrospective | Current | Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
|
| |||
| Psychological distress | |||
| PHQ depression | 1.18 (1.52) | 3.10 (1.75) | 1.07** |
| PHQ anxiety | 1.45 (1.49) | 2.68 (1.71) | .72** |
| Perceived stress | 2.59 (1.02) | 3.24 (1.33) | .48** |
| Pessimism | 2.33 (1.02) | 3.05 (1.03) | .69** |
| Psychological well-being | |||
| Purpose in life | 3.91 (.91) | 2.47 (1.09) | −1.18** |
| Life satisfaction | 4.00 (1.06) | 2.51 (1.21) | −1.05** |
| Happiness | 3.99 (1.05) | 2.72 (1.21) | −1.00** |
| Self-efficacy | 3.86 (1.02) | 2.13 (1.19) | −1.19** |
| Optimism | 3.73 (.89) | 2.64 (1.02) | −.97** |
| Social connection | |||
| Loneliness | 1.47 (.59) | 1.87 (.67) | .62** |
| Belonging | 2.81 (.86) | 1.69 (.76) | −1.12** |
| Social support | 4.21 (.78) | 3.95 (.93) | −.31** |
| Social strain | 2.39 (1.23) | 2.48 (1.29) | .08** |
Note. N=188. SD=standard deviation. Retrospective refers to the person with dementia prior to dementia. Current refers to the person with dementia now.