TABLE 2.
Risk of Alzheimer's dementia by baseline gait and/or balance disturbances (n = 2692).
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | HR (CI) | p-value | HR (CI) | p-value | HR (CI) | p-value | HR (CI) | p-value |
| Binary (reference: absence) | ||||||||
| Gait and/or balance disturbances | 1.45 (1.28–1.64) | <.001*** | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) | <.001*** | 1.33 (1.16–1.52) | <.001*** | 1.53 (1.33–1.77) | <.001*** |
| Numeric (per 1-point increase) | ||||||||
| Gait and/or balance disturbances | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | <.001*** | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) | <.001*** | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | <.001*** | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) | <.001*** |
| Sensitivity analyses: Binary (reference: absence) | ||||||||
| Gait and/or balance disturbances (n = 2467) – by excluding participants with healthy cognition at follow-up | 1.25 (1.10–1.42) | <.001*** | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) | .030* | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | .005** | 1.38 (1.19–1.59) | <.001*** |
| Gait and/or balance disturbances (n = 2664) – by excluding participants with dementias other than Alzheimer's dementia at follow-up | 1.45 (1.27–1.64) | <.001*** | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | <.001*** | 1.34 (1.17–1.53) | <.001*** | 1.55 (1.35–1.79) | <.001*** |
| Gait and/or balance disturbances (n = 2439) – by excluding participants who met both conditions | 1.25 (1.10–1.41) | .001** | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) | .025* | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) | .004** | 1.40 (1.21–1.61) | <.001*** |
| Sensitivity analyses: Numeric (per 1-point increase) | ||||||||
| Gait and/or balance disturbances (n = 2467) – by excluding participants with healthy cognition at follow-up | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | <.001*** | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | .008** | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | .001** | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | <.001*** |
| Gait and/or balance disturbances (n = 2664) – by excluding participants with dementias other than Alzheimer's dementia at follow-up | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | <.001*** | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) | <.001*** | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | <.001*** | 1.25 (1.17–1.34) | <.001*** |
| Gait and/or balance disturbances (n = 2439)—by excluding participants who met both conditions | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | < .001*** | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | .006** | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | < .001*** | 1.20 (1.12–1.29) | <.001*** |
Note: Model 1 = HR was not adjusted, Model 2 = HR adjusted for demographic characteristics, Model 3 = HR adjusted for medical conditions and demographic characteristics, Model 4 = HR adjusted for study sites, demographic characteristics, and medical conditions. Binary = variable based on presence or absence, Numeric = variable based on score.
Demographic characteristics include baseline age, sex, education, marital status, race and ethnicity. Medical conditions include baseline Mini-Mental State Exam score, smoking history, body mass index, and the presence of atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, stroke, seizures, traumatic brain injury, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, thyroid disease, alcohol or other substance use and depressive and anxiety symptoms.
Abbreviations: CI, 95% confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
p < .05
p < .01
p < .001.