Table 5.

Factors associated with any occupational violence in the past 12 months

	Occupational violence
Variable	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
De-escalation training
No	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Yes	0.87 (0.81, 0.93)	0.87 (0.79, 0.96)
Patient restraint training
No	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Yes	0.98 (0.91, 1.05)	1.03 (0.94, 1.13)
Age (years)
<30	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
30–39	0.81 (0.74, 0.89)	0.63 (1.32, 1.70)
40–49	0.61 (0.55, 0.68)	0.46 (0.41, 0.53)
≥50	0.38 (0.34, 0.42)	0.34 (0.29, 0.38)
Sex
Female	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Male	0.89 (0.83, 0.97)	0.84 (0.76, 0.92)
EMS certification level
BLS	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
ALS	2.25 (2.10, 2.42)	2.17 (1.99, 2.37)
Employment status
Part-time	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Full time	2.10 (1.94, 2.28)	1.66 (1.51, 1.82)
Community size of main EMS agency
Rural	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Urban	2.79 (2.51, 3.11)	1.91 (1.69, 2.15)
Agency type of main EMS agency
Fire	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Third service (municipal, non-fire)	1.40 (1.25, 1.57)	1.50 (1.32, 1.70)
Private	1.78 (1.62, 1.96)	1.94 (1.74, 2.17)
Hospital	2.24 (1.99, 2.53)	2.48 (2.16, 2.85)
Other	0.74 (0.65, 0.83)	0.96 (0.83, 1.11)
Service type of main EMS agency
Other	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Primarily 9-1-1 response	1.20 (1.09, 1.33)	1.52 (1.35, 1.71)
EMS experience (years)
<3	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
3–7	0.96 (0.87, 1.05)	1.07 (0.97, 1.19)
≥8	0.75 (0.69, 0.82)	1.04 (0.93, 1.17)

Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit p=0.17.

ALS, advanced life support; BLS, basic life support; EMS, emergency medical services.