Table 2.
Age and sex adjusted trends in characteristics of middle-aged adults, 2009–2018 (n = 9,783)
| 2009–2010 | 2011–2012 | 2013–2014 | 2015–2016 | 2017–2018 | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted sample number | 2,141 | 1,795 | 2,057 | 1,947 | 1,843 | — |
| SBP, mean (SE) | 119.6 (118.7–120.6) | 120.8 (119.4–122.2) | 120.4 (119.3–121.5) | 122.6 (121.4–123.7) | 122.5 (121.3–123.8) | <0.0001 |
| DBP, mean (SE) | 73.1 (71.8–74.3) | 74.5 (73.8–75.2) | 73.2 (72.6–73.8) | 74.2 (73.1–75.2) | 76.6 (75.5–77.7) | 0.0004 |
| Hypertension, % (95% CI) | 45.7 (41.1–50.3) | 48.1 (45.7–50.5) | 43.6 (40.5–46.6) | 49.3 (46.4–52.2) | 48.9 (45.0–52.8) | 0.23 |
| Cannabis use, % (95% CI) | ||||||
| Never | 43.8 (38.4–49.2) | 41.1 (35.5–46.7) | 41.7 (38.1–45.4) | 44.3 (39.6–49.1) | 43.1 (39.6–46.5) | 0.80 |
| No history of monthly use | 31.9 (28.0–35.7) | 32.6 (27.5–37.6) | 33.8 (30.6–37.0) | 29.8 (26.7–32.9) | 33.2 (28.3–38.0) | 0.98 |
| History of monthly use | 24.4 (21.4–27.3) | 26.3 (22.4–30.3) | 24.5 (20.6–28.3) | 25.8 (22.2–29.5) | 23.8 (20.2–27.4) | 0.75 |
| <5 y of monthly use | 6.3 (5.1–7.5) | 5.3 (3.9–6.6) | 5.4 (3.8–7.0) | 4.8 (3.8–5.8) | 4.5 (2.6–6.4) | 0.10 |
| 5–10 y of monthly use | 4.8 (3.6–6.0) | 5.0 (3.4–6.6) | 3.8 (2.8–4.8) | 5.8 (3.9–7.7) | 3.8 (2.2–5.4) | 0.62 |
| >10 y of monthly use | 16.1 (13.3–18.9) | 15.3 (11.4–19.2) | 15.2 (12.1–18.3) | 15.5 (12.5–18.5) | 13.3 (10.8–15.7) | 0.42 |
| Sociodemographics, % (95% CI) | ||||||
| Sex—female | 49.4 (47.5–51.4) | 49.9 (45.6–54.3) | 51.3 (49.3–53.4) | 51.4 (49.2–53.6) | 51.2 (48.5–53.9) | 0.2410 |
| Age (YOA), mean (SE) | 46.9 (46.6–47.3) | 47.4 (46.8–48.0) | 47.1 (46.7–47.6) | 47.2 (46.7–47.8) | 47.6 (47.0–48.2) | 0.1698 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 69.7 (62.6–76.7) | 67.6 (59.6–75.6) | 65.6 (58.9–72.4) | 64.2 (55.4–73.1) | 59.6 (53.7–65.6) | 0.0355 |
| Non-Hispanic Black, Asian and other | 10.7 (8.8–12.7) | 18.5 (12.5–24.5) | 18.7 (15.1–22.3) | 19.7 (13.9–25.5) | 22.4 (17.7–27.2) | 0.0004 |
| Hispanic (Inc. Mex. American) | 19.6 (13.0–26.3) | 13.9 (9.3–18.5) | 15.7 (10.4–20.9) | 16.1 (10.5–21.7) | 17.9 (13.7–22.2) | 0.9065 |
| Education | ||||||
| High school or less | 39.4 (36.1–42.6) | 36.4 (30.3–42.5) | 35.0 (29.0–41.0) | 33.4 (27.3–39.4) | 34.9 (30.3–39.5) | 0.1046 |
| Some college | 28.6 (26.6–30.5) | 30.1 (27.1–33.0) | 31.0 (28.1–33.9) | 32.9 (29.4–36.3) | 32.3 (29.0–35.5) | 0.0256 |
| College graduate or above | 31.9 (28.5–35.3) | 33.5 (27.7–39.3) | 34.0 (27.9–0.40.0) | 33.8 (26.5–41.0) | 32.8 (27.1–38.6) | 0.8098 |
| Household income, annual $ | ||||||
| $0–44,999 | 33.1 (29.3–36.8) | 36.3 (30.4–42.2) | 33.1 (25.9–40.2) | 27.8 (23.0–32.6) | 30.4 (27.0–33.8) | 0.0367 |
| $45,000–99,999 | 37.9 (33.4–42.4) | 33.7 (28.6–38.8) | 32.4 (29.5–35.4) | 35.9 (31.9–39.9) | 32.3 (27.8–36.8) | 0.2258 |
| ≥$100,000 | 29.1 (25.4–32.8) | 30.0 (22.1–38.0) | 34.5 (27.3–41.7) | 36.3 (28.8–43.9) | 37.3 (31.4–43.2) | 0.0129 |
| Lifestyle, behavioral, % (95% CI) | ||||||
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| No d/wk | 16.0 (13.7–18.3) | 15.8 (12.3–19.4) | 13.9 (11.1–16.6) | 15.1 (13.6–16.6) | 15.9 (13.2–18.6) | 0.8545 |
| ≤2 d/wk | 61.3 (57.7–64.9) | 59.8 (56.4–63.1) | 65.6 (61.9–69.2) | 64.3 (60.4–68.2) | 69.8 (66.8–72.8) | 0.0001 |
| >2 d/wk | 22.7 (20.1–25.4) | 24.4 (19.2–29.7) | 20.6 (17.2–24.0) | 20.6 (16.6–24.7) | 14.3 (12.0–16.6) | <0.0001 |
| Cigarette smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 21.4 (19.5–23.3) | 23.8 (20.3–27.2) | 21.8 (18.6–25.0) | 21.2 (18.1–24.4) | 20.3 (17.1–23.6) | 0.2817 |
| Past | 23.5 (19.9–27.0) | 22.9 (19.5–26.3) | 21.7 (19.0–24.4) | 24.1 (21.2–27.0) | 22.6 (19.5–25.7) | 0.9262 |
| Current | 55.1 (51.4–58.9) | 53.3 (50.1–56.5) | 56.5 (52.3–60.6) | 54.6 (51.1–58.2) | 57.1 (52.4–61.7) | 0.4173 |
| Cigarette smoking pack-years, mean (SE) | 7.2 (6.4–8.0) | 7.0 (6.1–7.9) | 6.7 (5.5–7.8) | 7. 5 (6.5–8.5) | 5.4 (4.0–6.8) | 0.0680 |
| Physical activity (min/wk), mean (SE) | 344.4 (308.7–380.2) | 365.1 (327.4–402.8) | 336.7 (308.3–365.1) | 333.2 (308.3–358.1) | 316.4 (283.7–349.1) | 0.1085 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SE) | 29.2 (28.9–29.5) | 29.4 (28.9–30.0) | 29.8 (29.12–30.5) | 30.0 (29.3–30.8) | 30.5 (30.0–31.0) | 0.0001 |
| Weight | ||||||
| Under/normal: BMI <25 | 26.7 (23.5–29.9) | 25.5 (22.3–28.6) | 24.7 (22.3–27.1) | 24.6 (20.8–28.3) | 22.7 (19.8–25.7) | 0.0820 |
| Overweight: BMI 25 to <30 | 35.3 (32.3–38.4) | 35.7 (32.2–39.2) | 33.4 (30.2–36.6) | 32.2 (28.9–35.4) | 32.1 (28.9–35.3) | 0.0500 |
| Obese: BMI ≥30 | 37.6 (35.5–39.6) | 38.4 (35.2–41.6) | 41.2 (37.1–45.3) | 42.9 (37.5–48.2) | 44.7 (41.5–47.9) | 0.0003 |
| Cardiometabolic medical history, % (95% CI) | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 34.1 (32.6–35.7) | 33.7 (30.6–36.8) | 33.9 (31.1–36.7) | 31.9 (29.0–34.9) | 27.3 (24.7–29.8) | <0.0001 |
| Antilipidemic medication | 13.7 (12.0–15.4) | 14.2 (11.4–17.0) | 16.0 (13.1–19.0) | 12.5 (9.8–15.3) | 12.0 (9.4–14.5) | 0.1563 |
| Diabetes or prediabetes | 44.0 (41.6–46.3) | 43.8 (39.8–47.8) | 39.2 (35.3–43.1) | 47.8 (44.0–51.6) | 51.6 (47.6–55.5) | 0.0004 |
| Antidiabetic medication | 5.6 (4.2–7.0) | 7.0 (5.4–8.7) | 8.6 (6.7–10.4) | 7.8 (6.3–9.3) | 9.1 (6.9–11.4) | 0.0097 |
Notes: Subgroups by year are represented by weighted percentages and 95% confidence intervals or weighted means with 95% confidence intervals. All comparisons are adjusted for age and sex, except for age, which is adjusted for sex, and sex, which is adjusted for age. P values for tests of trends are derived from multiple linear regression models using dummy variables for each level of categorical variable. Physical activity includes the following domains: Walk/bike for transportation, vigorous recreational, moderate recreational. Cannabis use variables are all standard NHANES variables, other than Years of Monthly Use, which was calculated. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
*Designates P < 0.05.