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. 2023 Nov 15;21:426. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02175-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — M-FNM activates the PERK pathway to induce pyroptosis. (A) Mechanism illustration of M-FNM mediates pyroptosis. (B) CLSM images of calcium ions in the cytoplasm after M-FNM treatment. (C) Corresponding semi-quantitative analysis of Fluo-4am. (D) CLSM fluorescence images of cleaved Caspase-1 in CAL27 cells after M-FNM treatment. (E) IL-1β release in supernatant after M-FNM treatment. (F) Western blot analysis PERK pathway in CAL27 cells after M-FNM treatment. (G) CLSM images of Annexin V/PI toward CAL27 cells. (H) Western blot analysis of N-GSDMD, cleaved Caspase-1, and IL-1β in CAL27 cells. (4-PBA: 5mM; M-FNM: 300 µg/mL). Compare to control, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. The mean values and standard deviations represent the average of biological triplicates