Fig. 3.

Association between the use of BBs, NBBs, SBBs, and PD in the UK Biobank. Model 1 was adjusted by age at recruitment, sex, and ethnicity; Model 2 was adjusted by smoking status, alcohol use, BMI, anxiety, socioeconomic status (Townsend deprivation score), income level, and educational level; Model 3 further adjusted for hypertension, the duration of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cerebrovascular diseases and the PD PRS. BB, β-blocker; NBB, nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockers; PD, Parkinson’s disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval