Table 12.

Framework of evaluation for implant devices that directly interact with blood, summarized from [73].

Biological Effect	Limited Duration	Prolonged Duration	Permanent
Cytotoxicity	✔	✔	✔
Sensitization	✔	✔	✔
Irritation or Intracutaneous Reactivity	✔	✔	✔
Acute Systemic Toxicity	✔	✔	✔
Material-Mediated Pyrogenicity	✔	✔	✔
Subacute/Subchronic Toxicity		✔	✔
Genotoxicity	✔	✔	✔
Implantation	✔	✔	✔
Hemocompatibility	✔	✔	✔
Chronic Toxicity			✔
Carcinogenicity			✔