| GDI | Gasoline direct injection |
| PM | Particulate matter |
| PM2.5 | Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm |
| GPF | Gasoline particulate filter |
| TWC | Three-way catalyst |
| CO2RR | CO2 reduction reaction |
| ORR | Oxygen reduction reaction |
| OER | Oxygen evolution reaction |
| ICP-OES | Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy |
| XRD | X-ray diffraction |
| XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| H2-TPR | Temperature-programmed reduction with H2 |
| O2-TPD | Temperature-programmed desorption of oxygen |
| TCD | Thermal conductivity detector |
| BE | Binding energy |
| KE | Kinetic energy |
| TG-MS | Thermal gravimetric mass spectrometry |
| Soot-TPR | Soot oxidation in temperature-programmed reaction conditions |
| BET | Brunauer-emmett-teller |
| ICDD | International centre of diffraction data |
| OL | Lattice oxygen |
| Oads | Adsorbed oxygen species |
| OSC | Oxygen storage capacity |
| SCO2 | Selectivity to CO2 |
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