Figure 2.

MSC/MSC-EV/Mt treatment of different injured organs induces Mt uptake by damaged cells and functional improvement of affected organs (Created with BioRender.com). Donation of healthy Mt by MSCs to injured donor cells of different organs corrects mitochondrial dysfunction of recipient cells (through MQC regulation) and activates metabolic and/or immunomodulatory pathways involved in restoration of tissue function. Oxidative stress is reduced, and Mϕ shifted to M2-like phenotype. On the other hand, Mt released from damaged or dying cells represent a key environmental factor that increases Mt drive, secretion of anti-inflammatory and pro-reparatory factors by MSCs. Legend: ↑ increase; ↓ decrease; gray arrows are pointing to the organs.