Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| First Author, Year Country Cohort |
AGE (Range) Men (%) |
Sample Size Person-Years Follow-Up (Years) |
Cardiovascular Events |
Adjusting Factors |
Sex: Outcome RR (95% CI) |
NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amiano et al., 2015 [23] Spain EPIC |
49.6 (20–69) 37.8% |
41,020 566,076 13.8 |
STR: 674 |
AGE, CNT, BMI, WST, SMK, PAC, EDU, ALC, NRG, FOD, DRG, HYP, HPL, CVD, MNP, HRT, OCT |
M:STR 0.77 (0.57; 1.16) W:STR 1.07 (0.68; 1.69) M:iSTR 1.13 (0.68; 1.88) W:iSTR 1.31 (0.69; 2.47) |
8 |
| Atkins et al., 2014 [24] UK BRHS |
68.2 (60–79) 100% |
3328 37,606 11.3 |
CVD *: 327 CVD: 582 CHD: 307 |
AGE, NRG, SMK, ALC, PAC, SES, BMI, HDL, SBP, DIA, CRP, VWD |
M+W:CVD * 0.66 (0.36; 1.21) M+W:CVD 0.85 (0.52; 1.37) M+W:CHD 0.67 (0.37; 1.21) |
7 |
| Bellavia et al., 2016 [25] Sweden SMC + CSM |
60.1 (45–83) 53.2% |
72,522 1,232,874 17.0 |
CVD *: 4899 |
AGE, BMI, PAC, SMK, ALC, EDU, NRG, FOD |
M+W:CVD * 0.85 (0.76; 0.94) |
6 |
| Bonaccio et al., 2017 [26] Italy Moli-sani |
54.7 (SD 11) 46.0% |
20,969 90,886 4.3 |
CVD: 353 CHD: 287 STR: 66 |
AGE, SEX, NRG, EDU, SMK, DRG, DIS, GLU, LDL, INF |
M+W:CVD 0.60 (0.40; 0.90) M+W:CHD 0.60 (0.38; 0.94) M+W:STR 0.62 (0.26; 1.51) |
8 |
| Gammelmark et al., 2016 [27] Denmark DDCHS |
56.2 (50–64) 49.2% |
57,053 969,901 17.0 |
MI: 3028 |
SMK, BMI, WST, PAC, ALC, EDU, MNP, DIA, HYP, HPL, NRG, FOD |
M:MI:FF 0.93 (0.81; 1.07) M:MI:LF 1.12 (0.97; 1.29) W:MI:FF 0.86 (0.69; 1.08) W:MI:LF 0.99 (0.79; 1.24) |
7 |
| Hengeveld et al., 2018 [28] The Netherlands EPIC |
48.7 (20–70) 25.2% |
34,033 612,594 18.0 |
STR: 753 hSTR: 220 iSTR: 413 CHD: 2134 MI: 693 CVD *: 540 |
AGE, SEX, PAC, SMK, EDU, BMI, ALC, NRG, SFA, TFA, FOD, FIB |
M+W:STR 0.91 (0.79; 1.05) M+W:hSTR 0.79 (0.60; 1.03) M+W:iSTR 0.87 (0.72; 1.05) M+W:CHD 1.03 (0.94; 1.12) M+W:MI 0.97 (0.83; 1.13) M+W:CVD * 0.94 (0.80; 1.10) |
8 |
| Key et al., 2019 [29] Europe EPIC |
57.1 (SD 8.3) 26.0% |
409,885 5,164,551 12.6 |
CVD *: 7198 |
AGE, SMK, DIA, HYP, HPL, PAC, WRK, EDU, BMI, ALC, NRG, FOD, FIB |
M+W:CVD *:FF 0.92 (0.86; 0.99) M+W:CVD *:LF 1.02 (0.94; 1.11) |
8 |
| Kobayashi et al., 2020 [30] Japan JPHC |
56.3 (45–74) 46.6% |
79,904 1,190,570 14.9 |
CVD *: 2942 |
AGE, CNT, BMI, ALC, NRG, SMK, PAC, FOD, BEV, WRK |
M:CVD * 0.83 (0.69; 1.00) W:CVD * 0.94 (0.75; 1.19) |
7 |
| Kondo et al., 2019 [31] Japan NNSJ |
50.0 (30–79) 43.9% |
9115 223,771 24.6 |
CVD *: 1070 |
AGE, SEX, SMK, NRG |
M+W:CVD * 0.72 (0.56; 0.91) |
6 |
| Kuhn et al., 2013 [32] Germany EPIC |
50.6 (35–65) 42.0% |
48,315 393,556 8.1 |
MI+MI *: 605 MI: 488 MI *: 117 STR: 525 iSTR: 407 hSTR: 95 |
AGE, CNT, SEX, NRG, ALC, BMI, WST, PAC, EDU, SMK, DIA |
M+W:MI+MI * 0.84 (0.66; 1.08) M+W:MI 0.78 (0.59; 1.03) M+W:MI * 1.18 (0.68; 2.06) M+W:STR 0.96 (0.73; 1.26) M+W:iSTR 0.87 (0.64; 1.19) M+W:hSTR 1.46 (0.77; 2.78) |
8 |
| Kulezic et al., 2019 [33] Sweden MDCS |
57.8 (SD 7.4) 37.7% |
26,010 781,417 21.7 |
PAD: 1122 |
AGE, SEX, NRG, DAM, SEA, ALC, PAC, SMK, BMI, EDU, FOD |
M+W:PAD 0.92 (0.81; 1.04) |
7 |
| Mohan et al., 2021 [34] World PURE |
50.6 (SD 10.0) 41.7% |
147,541 1,342,623 9.1 |
CVD: 8201 MI: 3806 STR: 3925 CVD *: 3102 |
AGE, SEX, CNT, BMI, EDU, ALC, PAC, DIA, CNC, DRG, FOD, NRG |
M+W:CVD 0.95 (0.86; 1.04) M+W:MI 0.90 (0.78; 1.04) M+W:STR 0.95 (0.83; 1.08) M+W:CVD * 0.94 (0.80; 1.10) |
6 |
| Mohan et al., 2021 [34] World OTT |
66.5 (SD 7.3) 70.3% |
31,491 141,710 4.5 |
CVD: 5182 MI: 1552 STR: 1395 CVD *: 2265 |
AGE, SEX, CNT, BMI, EDU, ALC, PAC, DIA, CNC, DRG, FOD, NRG, TRT |
M+W:CVD 0.91 (0.81; 1.03) M+W:MI 0.86 (0.69; 1.06) M+W:STR 1.25 (1.00; 1.58) M+W:CVD * 0.80 (0.67; 0.96) |
6 |
| Mohan et al., 2021 [34] World ORIGIN |
63.6 (SD 7.8) 65.0% |
12,422 77,016 6.2 |
CVD: 2020 MI: 591 STR: 533 CVD *: 1135 |
AGE, SEX, CNT, BMI, EDU, ALC, PAC, DIA, CNC, DRG, FOD, NRG, TRT |
M+W:CVD 0.87 (0.76; 1.01) M+W:MI 1.16 (0.90; 1.49) M+W:STR 0.82 (0.62; 1.09) M+W:CVD * 0.78 (0.64; 0.94) |
6 |
| Nahab et al., 2020 [35] USA REGARDS |
63.7 (NR) 41.0% |
16,479 83,431 5.1 |
CVD: 700 MI: 440 iSTR: 265 CVD *: 291 |
AGE, SEX, CNT, ETH, EDU, PAC, SMK, DIS, DRG, NRG, DIA, SBP, HPL |
M+W:CVD 1.63 (1.11; 2.40) M+W:CVD 1.09 (0.78; 1.52) M+W:MI 1.48 (0.90; 2.43) M+W:MI 0.87 (0.56; 1.35) M+W:iSTR 1.83 (0.99; 3.39) M+W:iSTR 1.58 (0.95; 2.63) M+W:CVD * 0.74 (0.35; 1.55) M+W:CVD * 1.46 (0.87; 2.45) |
5 |
| Owen et al., 2016 [36] Australia AusDiab |
51.5 (SD 11.2) 44.8% |
11,207 141,208 12.6 |
CVD *: 277 |
AGE, SEX, CVD, SMK, NRG, PAC, EDU |
M:CVD * 0.69 (0.40; 1.20) W:CVD * 0.85 (0.42; 1.73) |
6 |
| Rhee et al., 2017 [37] USA WHS |
54.6 (SD 7.1) 0% |
39,392 713,559 18.1 |
CVD: 1941 |
TRT, AGE, BMI, SMK, ALC, PAC, OCT, HRT, VIT, NRG, FCD, HYP, CHL, DIA |
M+W:CVD 1.00 (0.88; 1.16) |
6 |
| Takata et al., 2013 [38] China SHS |
53.9 (SD 9.3) 45.5% |
80,578 656,662 8.2 |
CVD *: 1789 iHD *: 476 iSTR *: 404 hSTR *: 460 |
AGE, NRG, INC, WRK, EDU, COM, PAC, FOD, SMK, ALC |
M+W:CVD * 0.86 (0.70; 1.05) M+W:iHD * 1.02 (0.74; 1.41) M+W:iSTR * 0.63 (0.41; 0.94) M+W:hSTR * 0.90 (0.43; 1.07) |
7 |
| Van den Brandt et al., 2019 [39] The Netherlands NCS |
61.4 (55–62) 47.9% |
3202 8701 2.2 |
CVD *: 733 |
AGE, SEX, SMK, HYP, DIA, HGT, BMI, PAC, EDU, ALC, FOD, HRT, VIT |
M+W:CVD * 1.45 (1.20; 1.74) |
5 |
| Zhang et al., 2018 [40] USA NIH-AARP |
62.1 (RIQ 57–66) 57.1% |
421,309 6,070,000 14.4 |
CVD *: 29,648 |
AGE, BMI, ETH, EDU, MAR, SMK, ALC, NRG, FOD, PAC, VIT, DRG, DIA, HYP, CHL |
M:CVD * 0.90 (0.85; 0.94) W:CVD * 0.90 (0.83; 0.97) |
7 |
Legend: SD: Standard deviation, NR: Not reported, RIQ: Interquartile range; Cardiovascular events: CVD: All cardiovascular events, HD: Heart disease, MI: Myocardial infarction, STR: Stroke, PAD: Peripheral artery disease, (i): ischaemic, (h): haemorrhagic, (*): mortality due to, FF: Fatty fish, LF: Lean fish; M: Men, W: Women; Adjusting factors: AGE: Age, ALC: Alcohol use, BEV: Specific beverages (coffee, green tea, etc.), BMI: Body mass index, CHL: Cholesterol, CNC: Cancer at baseline, CNT: Centre, area or geographical feature, COM: Any comorbidity, CRP: C-reactive protein, CVD: Baseline presence of any cardiovascular disease, DAM: Diet assessment method, DIA: Diabetes, DIS: Any type of diet score, DRG: Drug use, EDU: Education, ETH: Ethnicity, FCD: Family history of any cardiovascular disease, FIB: Dietary fibre, FOD: Various types of food (vegetables, read meat, etc.), GLU: Blood glucose, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, HGT: Height, HYP: Hypertension, HPL: Hyperlipidaemia, HRT: Hormone replacement therapy, INC: Income, INF: Inflammation status, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein, MAR: Marital status, MNP: Menopausal status, NRG: Energy intake, OCT: Oral contraceptive, PAC: Physical activity, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, SEA: Season, SES: Socioeconomic status, SEX: Sex, SFA: Saturated fatty acids, SMK: Smoking, TFA: Trans fatty acids, TRT: Treatment group in nested RCT studies, VIT: Vitamin supplements, VWD: Von Willebrand disease, WRK: Employment status or occupation, WST: Waist circumference.