Table 4.

Change in blood markers and hormones (men only; estimated marginal means).

	Ashwagandha (n = 28)			Placebo (n = 28)			p-Value b	Percentage change: Week 0 to week 12
	Week 0	Week 12	p-Value a	Week 0	Week 12	p-Value a		Ashwagandha	Placebo
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
Mean	5.53	5.59	0.443	5.91	5.96	0.474	0.901	1.08	0.86
SE	0.11	0.12		0.11	0.13
Glycated hemoglobin (%)
Mean	5.42	5.36	0.045	5.65	5.66	0.733	0.137	−1.13	0.27
SE	0.06	0.05		0.04	0.06
Malondialdehyde (ng/mL)
Mean	38.35	70.82	0.004	34.95	36.86	0.813	0.057	84.69	5.45
SE	7.68	13.29		6.41	5.98
TT (ng/mL)
Mean	4.53	4.86	0.140	4.33	4.43	0.538	0.424	7.22	2.26
SE	0.28	0.28		0.16	0.16
FT (pg/mL)
Mean	8.64	9.75	0.002	10.24	10.07	0.772	0.048	12.87	−1.69
SE	0.66	0.76		0.73	0.62
Oestradiol (pg/mL)
Mean	66.08	84.28	0.023	52.12	67.26	0.106	0.948	27.54	29.03
SE	9.86	13.04		6.70	9.78
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (µg/mL)
Mean	1.19	1.31	<0.001	1.11	1.27	0.001	0.367	9.91	14.63
SE	0.12	0.14		0.07	0.07
TSH (mIU/L)
Mean	2.43	2.22	0.134	1.80	1.81	0.857	0.179	−8.64	0.56
SE	0.35	0.31		0.22	0.22

Results (estimated means) are generated from generalized mixed-effects models adjusted for age and BMI.

^ap-Values are generated from repeated measures generalized mixed-effects models adjusted for age and BMI (time effects baseline and week 12).

^bp-Values are generated from repeated measures generalized mixed-effects models adjusted for age and BMI (time × group interaction).