Table 5.

Change in blood markers and hormones (women only; estimated marginal means).

	Ashwagandha (n = 24)			Placebo (n = 28)			p-Value b	Percentage change: Week 0 to week 12
	Week 0	Week 12	p-Value a	Week 0	Week 12	p-Value a		Ashwagandha	Placebo
Fasting glucose (mmols/L)
Mean	5.24	5.29	0.170	5.29	5.23	0.556	0.197	0.95	−1.13
SE	0.09	0.08		0.11	0.09
Glycated hemoglobin (%)
Mean	5.45	5.43	0.434	5.43	5.42	0.589	0.887	−0.37	−0.18
SE	0.04	0.04		0.04	0.04
Malondialdehyde (ng/mL)
Mean	68.95	78.3	0.472	38.58	55.27	0.098	0.429	13.56	43.26
SE	19.35	17.5		10.74	11.39
TT (ng/mL)
Mean	0.65	0.73	0.036	0.6	0.66	0.038	0.865	12.31	10.00
SE	0.05	0.06		0.05	0.05
FT (pg/mL)
Mean	2.23	2.16	0.703	1.68	1.53	0.190	0.560	−3.14	−8.93
SE	0.37	0.36		0.31	0.3
Oestradiol (pg/mL)
Mean	90.94	145.25	0.029	89.27	87.94	0.955	0.137	59.72	−1.49
SE	14.92	27.36		19.57	15.46
Luteinising hormone (mIU/mL)
Mean	40.63	48.94	0.168	48.14	48.83	0.832	0.253	20.45	1.43
SE	4.68	5.29		5.26	5.74
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (µg/mL)
Mean	1.13	1.15	0.749	1.11	1.05	0.109	0.319	1.77	−5.41
SE	0.12	0.15		0.1	0.1
TSH (mIU/L)
Mean	1.98	2.01	0.806	1.68	1.82	0.504	0.632	1.52	8.33
SE	0.18	0.2		0.17	0.28

Results (estimated means) are generated from generalized mixed-effects models adjusted for age and BMI.

^ap-Values are generated from repeated measures generalized mixed-effects models adjusted for age and BMI (time effects baseline and week 12).

^bp-Values are generated from repeated measures generalized mixed-effects models adjusted for age and BMI (time × group interaction).