Table 2.
Total mean PM2.5 level with ambient and increase from smoking in the “front seat” of ten monitored vehicles. Values are the mean ambient PM2.5 plus the PM2.5 generated by smoking.
| Condition | Mean PM2.5 Total (Ambient Plus Smoke Increase), Rounded to Whole Number | 24 h PM2.5 Standard | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO (15 μg/m3) |
Thailand Interim (37.5 μg/m3) |
|||
| 1. Moving Open | (13) | 30 μg/m3 | ✕ | √ |
| 2. Parked Open | (30) | 47 μg/m3 | ✕ | ✕ |
| 3. Moving Closed * | (55) | 72 μg/m3 | ✕ | ✕ |
| 4. Parked Closed | (148) | 165 μg/m3 | ✕ | ✕ |
Note: * Condition 3 is the smokers’ preferred condition for ventilation while driving in Thailand. Values in parentheses ( ) are PM2.5 mean increases from smoking in the vehicles (less the outdoor, ambient mean levels in the experimental settings, which were 17.1 μg/m3). √ Not over 15 μg/m3, the 24 h WHO standard. ✕ means exceeds the WHO or Thailand 24 h standard.