Table 1.
The most well-established anti-cancer molecular mechanisms of exercise.
| Type of Cancer | Exercise’s Anti-Cancer Molecular Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | ↓ IGF-1, TNFα, IL-6, amyloid-α, CRP ↓ CRP stop metabolic cascade of chronic inflammation, Switch of Hippo/Yes-Associated Protein signaling |
[51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,63] |
| Ovarian cancer | ↓ Cardiotoxicity by chemotherapy treatment | [65,66] |
| Endometrial cancer | ↑ The rates of obesity Regulates lipoproteins, insulin resistance, and endogenous sex hormone concentrations Lack of studies on molecular mechanisms |
[46,47] |
| Prostate cancer | ↑ Testosterone binding by the musculoskeletal system as a result of chronic and high-intensity exercise Resistance exercise increases testosterone that is offset by an increase in androgen receptors in exercising muscles ↑ Deoxyribonucleic acid damage, and genome diversion ↓ IGF-1 levels |
[9,13,48] |
| Pancreatic cancer | Aerobic exercise combined with chemotherapy increases calcineurin- NFAT-TSP1 signaling and remodels tumor vessels |
[33,41,67] |
| Lung cancer | Modulation of Ras-Erk1/2 signaling cascades ↑ Restriction of the Akt and Ras-Erk1/2 signaling cascades may be an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung cancer under consideration |
[28,66,68,69,70,71] |
| Gastric cancer | Aerobic + resistance exercise, 2t/week × 30′ decrease plasma neurotoximetabolites such as 3-hydroxykynurenine |
[72] |
| Colorectal cancer | ↑ Macrophage activity after high-intensity exercise ↓ 50% polyps in the entire colon Increasing the number of NK cells’ function and cytotoxicity High physical activity levels increase the levels of prostaglandins (PGF2a,) which is inversely related to the prostaglandin PGE2 of the mucosa; exercise may reduce Ki-ras oncogene mutations. ↑ Program cell death |
[30,31,32,73] |
| Skin cancer | Higher levels of ceramides increase apoptotic agents of tumor cells | [74] |
| Liver cancer | Activates adenosine monophosphate protein kinase Phosphorylates mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR),-complex 1 Downregulates genes involved in poor survival |
[75,76] |