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. 2023 Oct 27;24(21):15657. doi: 10.3390/ijms242115657

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram summarizing the effects of khat treatment and rescue by clavulanic acid on neurobehaviors, nucleus accumbens GLT-1 and xCT expression, and extracellular glutamate concentrations. (A) Control and Khat-CA groups. (B) Khat group. The effects of treatments on other markers investigated in other studies are not shown. CA, clavulanic acid; GLT-1, glutamate transporter 1; xCT, glutamate/cystine antiporter; GLAST, glutamate-aspartate transporter; iGluRs, ionotropic glutamate receptors; mGluRs, metabotropic glutamate receptors.