Table 3.

Implications of the case studies on food security.

Case Study	Implications for Food Security
1. “Impacts of the conflict in Ukraine on global food security” [69].	Despite the fact that from a food security perspective, there is enough food on the global level, higher food prices put food availability under pressure for the low-income part of the population that is highly dependent on imports of Ukrainian and Russian cereals (for example, in Egypt, Turkey, and the Middle East).
2.”Implications of the Russia–Ukraine war for global food security” [70].	The solution to the rising global hunger fostered by the ongoing war in Ukraine could be establishing an international community strategic food reserve or including new rules in international humanitarian law that provide sufficient protection to food systems-related infrastructures and activities.
3. “Potential medium-term impacts of the Russia-Ukrainian war on the Dutch agriculture and food system: An assessment” [71].	An energy-related input (fertilizer, pesticides) price increase due to the war against Ukraine is likely to have worldwide impacts on agricultural production and consumption and will create a passing on effect on agricultural product prices.
4.”Quantifying War-Induced Crop Losses in Ukraine in Near Real Time to Strengthen Local and Global Food Security” [72].	Food production analyses by satellite imagery can help to improve decision making by policymakers and private parties to minimize war-induced agriculture losses.
5.”The conceptual principles of state policy of Ukraine in the field of food security in terms of European integration” [73].	The proposed strategic tools (structural, special, and local measures) enable solutions for nutrition improvement at the local level in Ukraine that at the same time also led to the development of sustainable agriculture, which can strengthen global food security.
6. “The reinvasion of Ukraine threatens global food supplies” [74].	In order to combat food insecurity, especially in vulnerable countries (Lebanon, Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan), it is suggested to replace all animal-based foods with plant-based ones, to increase food stocks in countries that have disinvested in domestic production in favor of cheaper imports, and to make agricultural production less energy-dense.
7. “The War in Ukraine, Agricultural Trade and Risks to Global Food Security” [75].	The key to dealing with mitigating the risks of food shortages increased by the war against Ukraine for import-dependent countries like the MENA region and sub-Saharan Africa could be a reduction in bureaucratic and tariff barriers to trade by global supply chain structures. And transitions to (more) closed food economies could lead to food shortages in many countries.
8. “We need a food system transformation—In the face of the Russia-Ukraine war, now more than ever” [76].	Three levers for solving short-term problems of food insecurity and long-term sustainable development: accelerate the shift toward healthier diets with fewer animal products in Europe, increase the production of legumes, and strengthen Farm2Fork and reduce the amount of food waste.
9. “What the war in Ukraine means for energy, climate and food” [77].	It outlines the possibility of rising energy prices and the potential loss of grain supplies from Ukraine and Russia to reinforce inflationary effects and drive up prices for food and other commodities for people who are already severely struggling (Yemenis, Syrians, and Nigerians).
10. “Caught off guard and beaten: The Ukraine war and food security in the Middle East” [44].	The war in Ukraine has had varying impacts in the Middle East countries (especially Yemen, Libya, Lebanon, and Sudan), including a deepened food sector crisis, worsened by political–economic instabilities, limited domestic agriculture, and the lack of reliable grain reserves. At the same time, there are country-level response strategies like food subsidy systems and regional aid and cooperation that have emerged in the Gulf countries to mitigate impacts.