Table 1.
Summary of the most relevant EDCs regarding pregnancy development and their exposure sources.
| EDC Group | Molecules | Exposure Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Bisphenols | Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol S (BPS), Bisphenol F (BPF), Bisphenol B (BPB), Bisphenol AF (BPAF), Tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF), Tetrabromo bisphenol A (TBBPA). | Food packaging, bottles, coat metal products, cans, dinnerware, coating powders, medical material, dental sealants, thermal printing papers. |
| Phthalates (PAEs) | Primary molecules: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), Di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), Diisononyl cyclohexane dicarboxylate (DINCH). Metabolites: Monoethyl phthalate (MEP), Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOH), Mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), Mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MIBP), Monobutyl phthalate (MBP), Mono-n-butylphthalate (MNBP), Mono-benzyl phthalate (MBZP), Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), Monocarboxy-isononly phthalate (MCNP), Mono-carboxy-isooctyl phthalate (MCOP). |
Food packaging, pharmaceutical coatings, personal care products (perfumes, deodorants, soaps, shampoos, lotions), toys, textiles, building materials, medical equipment. |
| Pesticides | Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs): DDT, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, lindane. Organophosphates (OPs): Parathion, Methyl Parathion, Malathion. Pyrethroids: Fenvalerate, Permethrin, Deltamethrin. |
Insects, fungus, and weeds control. |
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) |
Building materials, electrical equipment, paints, textiles, furniture, foams, hydraulic fluids, combustion processes. |
| Perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs)/Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) | Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctonoic acid (PFOA), Perfluononanoic acid (PFNA) | Non-stick cookware, firefighting foams, waterproof clothing, personal care products, anti-fouling paints. |
| Parabens | Methyl-paraben, Ethyl-paraben, Propyl-paraben, Butyl-paraben | Personal care products. |
| Phytoestrogens | Isoflavones: Genistein, Daidzein, Glycitein. Coumestans: Coumestrol. Lignan |
Natural: soy (and derivate products), beans, other legumes, grains, fruits, vegetables. |