Table 1.
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics according to sex.
| Parameter | Overall | Females | Males | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (%) | 443 | 192 (43.3) | 251 (56.7) | |
| Age, years | 11.5 (9.3–13.2) | 10.9 (8.7–13.0) | 11.7 (9.9–13.5) | 0.005 |
| Birth weight, g | 3280 (2900–3640) | 3200 (2800–3530) | 3300 (3000–3800) | 0.004 |
| Puberty, n (%) | 201 (46.0) | 91 (47.6) | 110 (44.7) | 0.608 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 76 (69–85) | 80 (72–87) | 73 (66–82) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 111 (103–121) | 109 (101–119) | 112 (104–123) | 0.010 |
| Systolic BP z-score | 0.58 (−0.12–1.21) | 0.66 (−0.16–1.18) | 0.53 (−0.09–1.27) | 0.999 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 65 (59–71) | 65 (58–71) | 64 (60–71) | 0.685 |
| Diastolic BP z-score | 0.21 (−0.25–0.81) | 0.31 (−0.23–0.85) | 0.17 (−0.25–0.76) | 0.372 |
| BP category: | 0.752 | |||
| - Normotension, n (%) | 330 (74.5) | 144 (75.0) | 186 (74.1) | |
| - High-normal, n (%) | 42 (9.5) | 16 (8.3) | 26 (10.4) | |
| - Hypertension, n (%) | 71 (16.0) | 32 (16.7) | 39 (15.5) | |
| Weight class: | 0.771 | |||
| - Normal weight, n (%) | 85 (19.2) | 39 (20.3) | 46 (18.3) | |
| - Overweight, n (%) | 141 (31.8) | 58 (30.2) | 83 (33.1) | |
| - Obese, n (%) | 217 (49.0) | 95 (49.5) | 122 (48.6) | |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 24.6 (21.8–27.7) | 24.2 (20.9–26.9) | 25.1 (22.5–28.1) | 0.010 |
| BMI z-score | 1.78 (1.20–2.11) | 1.76 (1.10–2.04) | 1.81 (1.32–2.17) | 0.087 |
| Waist-to-height ratio, % | 53.3 (48.3–57.8) | 52.4 (47.3–57.3) | 54.0 (49.4–57.9) | 0.021 |
| Waist-to-height ratio >50%, % | 295 (67.5) | 119 (63.3) | 176 (70.7) | 0.126 |
| Serum uric acid, mg/dl | 4.5 (3.7–5.3) | 4.4 (3.7–4.9) | 4.7 (3.7–5.6) | 0.003 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 86 (81–89) | 85 (80–89) | 86 (82–89) | 0.072 |
| Insulin, mM/L | 13.0 (9.0–18.6) | 12.9 (9.2–18.4) | 13.0 (9.0–18.7) | 0.866 |
| HOMA index, mmol/L × mU/L | 2.6 (1.9–4.0) | 2.6 (1.9–3.9) | 2.7 (1.9–4.1) | 0.944 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.54 (0.48–0.63) | 0.52 (0.45–0.60) | 0.57 (0.50–0.66) | 0.003 |
| eGFR, ml/min | 149 (132–164) | 151 (134–171) | 147 (129–161) | 0.046 |
| cf-PWV, m/s | 4.8 (4.3–5.5) | 4.8 (4.3–5.5) | 4.8 (4.3–5.5) | 0.752 |
| cf-PWV ≥ 95th percentile, n (%) | 50 (11.4) | 22 (11.6) | 28 (11.3) | 0.999 |
| cr-PWV, m/s | 5.8 (5.0–6.5) | 5.8 (5.3–6.5) | 5.6 (4.9–6.4) | 0.069 |
Data are shown as median (interquartile range) or number (%). BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; cf-PWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; cr-PWV, carotid-radial pulse wave velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment.