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. 2023 Oct 28;15(21):5182. doi: 10.3390/cancers15215182

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metabolic pathways in cells showing how glucose, fatty acids and essential branched-chain amino acids are utilised for energy production in cells and how acylcarnitines can be formed from fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids. Metabolites in bold were significantly reduced in untargeted metabolomics in tumour tissue relative to non-tumour tissue. Enzymes and transporter proteins and kinases shown are significantly altered in expression (transcriptomics) in HB (red indicates increase; green indicates decrease): α-ketoisocaproate (KIC), α-keto-β-methylvalerate (KMV), α-ketoisovalerate (KIV), 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate (4-TMAB), isovaleryl-CoA (C5), α-methylbutyryl-CoA (isoC5) and isobutyryl-CoA (C4/isoC4).