Table 3.

Detection method for BKA or B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans in foods.

Food Matrix	Target	Analytical Method	Limit of Detection	Reference
Glutinous rice flour, corn flour, tremella (white wood ear mushrooms)	BKA	Mixed-mode weak anion exchange solid-phase extraction combined with HPLC and diode array detection	30 μg/kg	[81]
Formula rice powder		Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry	2 μg/kg	[82]
Liquor fermentation culture		UPLC–MS/MS	0.4 μg/kg	[83]
Rice noodle		HPLC-Orbitrap High-Resolution MS with a Fe3O4/Halloysite nanotubes procedure	0.3 μg/kg	[33]
Auricularia heimuer (black wood ear mushroom)		HPLC–MS/MS with novel sample preparation technique	1.0 μg/kg	[84]
Rice, corn flour, and fermented corn noodle		UPLC-MS/MS	0.12 μg/kg	[72]
tremella		Visual detection using cysteamine modified gold nanoparticles	3.43 nM	[85]
Auricularia heimuer, tremella, and rice noodle		Colloidal gold immunochromatography assay	1.2 μg/k	[73]
tremella	B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans	Loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology on 16S–23S rRNA-encoding region	76 CFU/mL	[78]
Glutinous rice soup		Quantitative PCR on 16S–23S rRNA-encoding region	361 CFU/mL	[74]
Rice noodle, fresh white noodle, and glutinous rice flour	Pathogenic and non-pathogenic B. gladioli	Recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification with CRISPR/Cas12a system	10–100 CFU/mL	[77]

HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; UPLC: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometer; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.