| BMI | body mass index |
| CFU | colony forming units |
| CTs | clinical trials |
| DBP | diastolic blood pressure |
| FPG | fasting plasma glucose |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| HbA1c | glycosylated hemoglobin A1C |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| HOMA-IR | homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| NGP | next-generation probiotics |
| PPG | postprandial glucose |
| RCT | randomized control trial |
| SBP | systolic blood pressure |
| SCFA | short-chain fatty acids |
| TC | total cholesterol |
| TG | triglycerides |
| T2DM | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| WHR | waist-to-hip ratio |