. 2023 Nov 5;15(21):4690. doi: 10.3390/nu15214690

Table 1.

Study characteristics.

Article Identification			Trial Characteristics
Authors, Year of Publication	Citation	DOI (https://doi.org/)	Geography	CT Type	Number of True Participants	Number of Completed Participants	Control Group				Interest Group
Authors, Year of Publication	Citation	DOI (https://doi.org/)	Geography	CT Type	Number of True Participants	Number of Completed Participants	Placebo or None	Number of Participants	Mean Age	SD (±) of Age	Probiotic	Number of Participants	Mean Age	SD (±) of Age
Chen et al., 2023	[20]	10.1128/msystems.01300-22	China	Two-phase, R, DB	58	48	Placebo	29	46.9	11.25	Probiotic	29	48.7	11.11
García et al., 2023	[21]	10.26502/jbb.2642-91280090	Cuba	R, DB	64	57	Placebo	30	53.2	7.6	Sugar shift (SS) cohort	30	56.3	6.7
Hasanpour et al., 2023	[22]	10.1186/s12902-023-01290-w	Iran	R, DB	100	92	Soymilk + placebo	25	54.24	6.58	Soymilk + Probiotic	25	51.16	7.16
Hasanpour et al., 2023	[22]	10.1186/s12902-023-01290-w	Iran	R, DB	100	92	Milk + placebo	25	52.06	11.42	Probiotic	25	54.4	8.72
Mirjalili et al., 2023	[23]	10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.014	Iran	R, DB	72	60	Conventional yogurt	36	58.1	9.8	Probiotic yogurt	36	54.5	8
Ahmadian et al., 2022	[24]	10.1186/s13098-022-00822-z	Iran	R, DB	68	60	Placebo	30	61	Range: 57 to 65	Probiotic	30	58.5	Range: 52 to 64
Gupta et al., 2022	[25]	10.4103/jod.jod_106_21	India	Before-and-after, NB	308	308	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Participants	308	54.2	10.9
Hata et al., 2022	[26]	10.1111/jdi.13698	Japan	Open-label, single-arm, exploratory research	40	36	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Participants	40	64	9.4
Kumar et al., 2022	[27]	N/A	India	R, DB	150	150	Metformin only	75	51.1	5.4	Metformin + probiotic	75	50.9	6.2
Ziegler et al., 2022	[28]	10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.002	Brazil	Before-and-after, NB	20	17	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Participants	20	62.5	N/A
Aron et al., 2021	[29]	10.31688/ABMU.2021.56.2.09	Romania	Patient choice, prospective 3-month comparative study, NB	41	41	Control	22	58.14	11.17	Study group	19	60.74	5.84
Ismail et al., 2021	[30]	10.5603/DK.a2021.0037	Egypt	Pilot, NB	150	150	Diet only	50	46.4	13.2	Yogurt and diet	50	48.3	12.9
Ismail et al., 2021	[30]	10.5603/DK.a2021.0037	Egypt	Pilot, NB	150	150	Diet only	50	46.4	13.2	Yeast and diet	50	48.6	11.5
Jiang et al., 2021	[31]	10.1002/jcla.23650	China	R, DB, PG	101	76	Placebo	34	56.12	8.23	Probiotic	42	55.96	8.45
Kanazawa et al., 2021	[32]	10.3390/nu13020558	Japan	R, NB	88	80	Control	42	55.9	10.7	Synbiotic	44	61.1	11
Toejing et al., 2021	[33]	10.3390/foods10071455	Thailand	R, DB	50	36	Placebo	18	61.8	7.7	Probiotic	18	63.5	5.9
Palacios et al., 2020	[19]	10.3390/nu12072041	Australia	R, DB	60	53	Placebo	30	56.1	12.3	Probiotic	30	61.4	8.9
Khalili et al., 2019	[34]	10.29252/.23.1.68.	Iran	R, DB, PG	40	NS	Placebo	20	45	5.37	Intervention group	20	43.95	8.14
Lestari et al., 2019	[35]	10.2478/rjdnmd-2019-0041	Indonesia	R, DB	38	32	Control	19	53	10	Intervention	19	56	7
Madempudi et al., 2019	[36]	10.1371/journal.pone.0225168	India	R, DB	79	74	Placebo	39	50.6	N/A	UB0316	40	54.1	N/A
Sabico et al., 2019 Sabico et al., 2017	[37,38]	10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.009 10.1186/s12967-017-1354-x.	Saudi Arabia	R, DB	96	61	Placebo	39	46.6	5.9	Probiotic	39	48	8.3
Hsieh et al., 2018	[39]	10.1038/s41598-018-35014-1	USA	R, DB	74	68	Placebo	24	55.77	8.55	ADR-1	25	52.32	10.2
Hsieh et al., 2018	[39]	10.1038/s41598-018-35014-1	USA	R, DB	74	68	Placebo	24	55.77	8.55	ADR-3	25	53.88	7.78
Raygan et al., 2018	[40]	10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.007	Iran	R, DB	60	52	Placebo	30	67.3	11	Vitamin plus probiotic group	30	71.5	10.9
Feizollahzadeh et al., 2017	[41]	10.1007/s12602-016-9233-y	Iran	R, DB, PG	48	40	Placebo	20	53.6	1.6	Intervention	20	56.9	1.81
Firouzi et al., 2017	[42]	10.1007/s00394-016-1199-8	Malaysia	R, DB, PG	136	101	Placebo	68	54.2	8.3	Probiotic	68	52.9	9.2
Tonucci et al., 2017	[43]	10.1016/j.clnu.2015.11.011	Brazil	R, DB, PG	50	45	Placebo	22	50.95	7.2	Probiotic	23	51.83	6.64
Sato et al., 2017	[44]	10.1038/s41598-017-12535-9	Japan	R, NB	69	68	control	34	65	8.3	Probiotic	34	64	9.2
Asemi et al., 2016	[45]	10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.009	Iran	R, DB, CO	51	48	Placebo	N/A	N/A	N/A	Beta-carotene fortified synbiotic food group	51	52.9	8.1
Bahmani et al., 2016	[46]	10.1080/07315724.2015.1032443	Iran	R, DB	81	76	Control bread	27	53.4	7.5	synbiotic bread	27	51.3	10.4
Tofighiyan et al., 2016	[47]	10.12691/jfnr-4-12-5	Iran	R, DB	44	42	Placebo	22	54.5	11.1	Probiotic	22	53.45	10.8
Ogawa et al., 2014	[48]	10.1186/1476-511X-13-36	Japan	SB, CO	20	20	Placebo	N/A	N/A	N/A	LG2055 treatment	20	51.1	6.6
Shakeri et al., 2014	[49]	10.1007/s11745-014-3901-z	NS	NS	78	72	Control bread	26	53.1	7.5	Synbiotic bread	26	52.3	10.8
Mohamadshahi et al., 2014	[50]	PMID: 25197295	Iran	R, DB	44	44	Conventional yogurt	22	51	NS	Probiotic yogurt	22	51	NS
Ejtahed et al., 2012 Ejtahed et al., 2011	[51,52]	10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.013 10.3168/jds.2010-4128	Iran	R, DB	64	60	Conventional yogurt	30	51	7.32	Probiotic yogurt	30	50.87	7.68
Moroti et al., 2012	[53]	10.1186/1476-511X-11-29	Brazil	R, DB	50	18	GP (group placebo shake)	9	56.89	1.7	GS (group symbiotic shake)	9	55.47	2

Abbreviations: CO (crossover), DB (double blind), N/A (not applicable), NB (no blinding), NS (not specified), PG (parallel group), R (randomized), and SB (single blind).