Table 4.
Linear mixed effect models to identify predictors of HR-QoL
| Variable | EQ-5D utility | VAS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimates (SE) | P value | Estimates (SE) | P value | |
| Clinical stage | < 0.05 | < 0.001 | ||
| SCD | Reference | Reference | ||
| MCI | − 0.012 (0.004)a | − 1.554 (0.286)a | ||
| Mild | − 0.017 (0.015) | − 2.063 (0.777)a | ||
| Moderate | 0.03 (0.021) | − 1.308 (0.995) | ||
| Severe | 0.202 (0.155) | − 8.674 (3.27)a | ||
| Time (year) | − 0.006 (0.001) | < 0.001 | − 0.504 (0.065) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical stage × time interaction | < 0.001 | |||
| SCD × time | Reference | |||
| MCI × time | 0.001 (0.002) | |||
| Mild × time | 0.02 (0.005)a | |||
| Moderate × time | 0.009 (0.006) | |||
| Severe × time | − 0.057 (0.039) | |||
| Baseline age | − 0.001 (0.001) | < 0.05 | − 0.016 (0.032) | 0.061 |
| Sex female | − 0.067 (0.006) | < 0.001 | − 1.743 (0.562) | < 0.05 |
| Education (year) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.23 | 0.172 (0.09) | 0.06 |
| BMI | − 0.005 (0.001) | < 0.001 | − 0.122 (0.063) | 0.05 |
| Diabetes | − 0.032 (0.011) | < 0.05 | − 3.076 (0.972) | < 0.05 |
| Cardiovascular history | − 0.04 (0.009) | < 0.001 | − 2.784 (0.791) | < 0.001 |
| Institutionalisation | − 0.05 (0.017) | < 0.05 | 1.633 (1.542) | 0.29 |
| Depression | − 0.014 (0.001) | < 0.001 | − 1.063 (0.089) | < 0.001 |
| IADL | − 0.125 (0.005) | < 0.001 | − 3.009 (0.459) | < 0.001 |
Models included diabetes, cardiovascular history, institutionalisation, depression, and IADL in addition to the baseline demographics. The purpose of the models was to identify predictors for HR-QoL. We did not interpret the estimates for the clinical stage since we included institutionalisation, depression, and IADL which are the consequences of cognitive decline (clinical stage in the model)
SCD Subjective cognitive decline, MCI Mild cognitive impairment, BMI Body mass index; Depression, measured by neuropsychological inventory clinician-rated version (higher scores indicate more symptoms), IADL Instrumental activities of daily living (higher scores indicate more functional impairment)
aStatistically significant