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. 2023 Nov 14;24:279. doi: 10.1186/s12931-023-02551-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Mediastinal lymph nodes: Median PD-1% expression was significantly higher in lymphocytes of patients with IPF compared to lung cancer (IPF: 2.0, 95% CI: 0.5 to 3.0 vs. lung cancer: 0.0, 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.8, Kruskal–Wallis test; p = 0.02), (Panel A). Median PD-L1% expression was significantly lower in lymphocytes of patients with IPF compared to lung cancer (IPF: 0.0, 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.5 vs. lung cancer: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.0 to 34.8, Kruskal–Wallis test; p = 0.04), (Panel B). Median CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in mediastinal lymph nodes of patients with IPF compared to patients with lung cancer and patients with concomitant IPF/lung cancer (IPF: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.6, vs. lung cancer: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.7 to 1.3, vs. IPF and lung cancer: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.5 to 1.4, Kruskal–Wallis test; p = 0.001), (Panel C). Lung tissue: Analysis of the Lung Genomics Research Consortium cohort showed significantly increased expression of PD-1 and decreased expression of PD-L1 in patients with IPF (n = 123) compared to control (CTRL) subjects with normal lung histology (n = 96), (PD-1: IPF: 9.5, 95% CI: 9.3 to 9.6, vs. controls: 8.9, 95% CI: 8.8 to 9.3, Mann- Whitney test; p = 0.001), (PD-L1: IPF: 4.0 ± 1 vs. controls: 5.1 ± 0.8, Unpaired t test; p < 0.0001) (Panel D and E)